Compare methods

	Retirement Transition Event-History Analysis	Active Ageing Index
Field	Social Gerontology	Social Gerontology
Family	Survival analysis	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	1998	2013
Originator	Mark D. Hayward and colleagues	Asghar Zaidi and colleagues (UNECE and European Commission, European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research)
Type	Time-to-event hazard model of labor-force exit	Composite index of the untapped potential of older people for active ageing
Seminal source	Hayward, M. D., Friedman, S., & Chen, H. (1998). Career trajectories and older men's retirement. The Journals of Gerontology Series B, 53B(2), S91-S103.	Zaidi, A., Gasior, K., Hofmarcher, M. M., Lelkes, O., Marin, B., Rodrigues, R., Schmidt, A., Vanhuysse, P., & Zolyomi, E. (2013). Active Ageing Index 2012: Concept, Methodology and Final Results. European Centre for Social Welfare Policy and Research, Vienna.
Aliases	Retirement Hazard Model, Labor-Force Exit Survival Analysis, Retirement Timing Event-History Model, Discrete-Time Retirement Model	AAI, UNECE Active Ageing Index, Active Aging Index, EU Active Ageing Index
Related	3	4
Summary	Retirement transition event-history analysis applies survival and hazard modeling to the timing of the move out of the labor force in later life, treating retirement as a datable event whose risk unfolds over time. Rather than asking only whether someone is retired, it models the rate at which still-working older people retire at each age or duration, and how that rate depends on health, pensions, career history, and other life-course factors. Mark Hayward and colleagues' 1998 study of older men's retirement exemplifies the approach, showing that occupational and career trajectories shape the timing of labor-force exit, with different career conditions mattering at different stages. The method handles the central problem that many people are still working when observed, through right-censoring, and it accommodates covariates that change over time such as deteriorating health or pension eligibility. It can be implemented as a continuous-time proportional-hazards model or as a discrete-time model on person-period data. The result is a life-course account of why people retire when they do, expressed as transition rates and hazard ratios.	The Active Ageing Index (AAI) is a composite indicator that measures the untapped potential of older people to contribute to the economy and society and to live independently. Developed jointly by the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) and the European Commission and documented by Asghar Zaidi and colleagues in 2013, it summarizes how far older men and women realize their potential for active and healthy ageing. The index is organized into four domains: employment; participation in society; independent, healthy, and secure living; and capacity and the enabling environment for active ageing. Across these domains it aggregates 22 individual indicators drawn largely from existing comparative surveys. Each indicator is normalized to a common scale, combined within its domain, and then weighted across domains into a single overall score that allows countries to be compared and ranked. The AAI was created to support evidence-based ageing policy in the European Union and beyond, providing a benchmarking tool for member states. It treats active ageing not as a property of exceptional individuals but as something policy and the environment can enable across the whole older population.