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	Regulatory Focus Questionnaire	Implicit Theories Measure
Field	Social Psychology	Social Psychology
Family	Latent structure	Latent structure
Year of origin	2001	1995
Originator	E. Tory Higgins and colleagues	Carol Dweck, Chi-yue Chiu & Ying-yi Hong
Type	Self-report two-dimensional scale	Self-report individual-difference scale
Seminal source	Higgins, E. T., Friedman, R. S., Harlow, R. E., Idson, L. C., Ayduk, O. N., & Taylor, A. (2001). Achievement orientations from subjective histories of success: Promotion pride versus prevention pride. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31(1), 3-23.	Dweck, C. S., Chiu, C., & Hong, Y. (1995). Implicit theories and their role in judgments and reactions: A world from two perspectives. Psychological Inquiry, 6(4), 267-285.
Aliases	RFQ, Promotion-Prevention Questionnaire, Regulatory Focus Scale	Mindset Measure, Entity-Incremental Theory Scale, Theories of Intelligence Scale
Related	3	3
Summary	The Regulatory Focus Questionnaire (RFQ), developed by Higgins and colleagues in 2001, measures two independent motivational orientations derived from regulatory focus theory: a promotion focus concerned with growth, ideals, gains, and eager pursuit of positive outcomes, and a prevention focus concerned with safety, duties, responsibilities, and vigilant avoidance of negative outcomes. Rather than asking directly about current motivation, the RFQ assesses respondents' subjective histories of success in promotion and prevention self-regulation, yielding two scores that can be high or low independently. Because promotion and prevention foci predict different strategic preferences -- eagerness versus vigilance -- emotional reactions, and responses to framing, the RFQ is widely used in research on motivation, persuasion, decision making, and organizational behavior to capture chronic self-regulatory style.	The implicit theories measure, developed by Dweck, Chiu, and Hong in 1995, assesses people's lay beliefs about whether human attributes are fixed or malleable -- the distinction popularized as fixed versus growth mindset. Respondents rate agreement with a small set of statements asserting that an attribute such as intelligence or personality is essentially unchangeable (an entity theory) versus capable of development (an incremental theory). The measure locates each person on a continuum from entity to incremental beliefs and is deliberately brief and content-specific, with parallel versions for intelligence, personality, morality, and other domains. Dweck and colleagues showed that these implicit theories organize a broader meaning system: entity theorists tend to pursue performance goals, make trait attributions, and show helpless responses to failure, whereas incremental theorists pursue learning goals, attribute outcomes to effort and strategy, and show resilience. The measure became central to research and interventions on motivation, achievement, and self-regulation.