Compare methods

	Racial Resentment Scale	Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale
Field	Political Psychology	Political Psychology
Family	Latent structure	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	1996	2002
Originator	Donald R. Kinder & Lynn M. Sanders	P. J. Henry & David O. Sears
Type	Attitude scale for racialized policy opinion	Self-report attitude scale
Seminal source	Kinder, D. R., & Sanders, L. M. (1996). Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 9780226435749	Henry, P. J., & Sears, D. O. (2002). The Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale. Political Psychology, 23(2), 253-283.
Aliases	Racial Resentment Battery, Kinder-Sanders Racial Resentment Measure, New Racism Scale, Racial Resentment Index	SR2K, Symbolic Racism Scale, Racial Resentment Scale, Modern Racism Scale
Related	3	4
Summary	The Racial Resentment Scale, developed by Donald Kinder and Lynn Sanders in Divided by Color (1996), measures a modern, symbolic form of racial prejudice in which anti-Black affect is fused with the traditional American value of individualism. Rather than endorsing biological inferiority, racially resentful respondents express the belief that Black Americans violate norms of self-reliance and hard work and make illegitimate demands for special treatment. The standard battery of four agree-disagree items has become the dominant survey measure of racial attitudes in American political science and a powerful predictor of opinion on welfare, affirmative action, and racialized candidate evaluation.	The Symbolic Racism 2000 Scale (SR2K), developed by Henry and Sears (2002), is an 8-item self-report measure of symbolic racism, a contemporary, subtle form of anti-Black prejudice that blends early-learned negative affect toward a group with traditional moral values such as individualism and the work ethic. It descends from the symbolic-racism construct introduced by Kinder and Sears (1981) and is closely related to the racial-resentment battery used in the American National Election Studies.