Compare methods

	Racial Resentment Scale	Anti-Immigrant Prejudice Scale
Field	Political Psychology	Political Psychology
Family	Latent structure	Latent structure
Year of origin	1996	1995
Originator	Donald R. Kinder & Lynn M. Sanders	Thomas Pettigrew & Roel Meertens
Type	Attitude scale for racialized policy opinion	Attitude scale for prejudice toward immigrants
Seminal source	Kinder, D. R., & Sanders, L. M. (1996). Divided by Color: Racial Politics and Democratic Ideals. University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 9780226435749	Pettigrew, T. F., & Meertens, R. W. (1995). Subtle and Blatant Prejudice in Western Europe. European Journal of Social Psychology, 25(1), 57-75.
Aliases	Racial Resentment Battery, Kinder-Sanders Racial Resentment Measure, New Racism Scale, Racial Resentment Index	Subtle and Blatant Prejudice Scale, Pettigrew-Meertens Prejudice Scale, Anti-Immigrant Attitudes Scale, Subtle Prejudice Toward Immigrants Measure
Related	3	3
Summary	The Racial Resentment Scale, developed by Donald Kinder and Lynn Sanders in Divided by Color (1996), measures a modern, symbolic form of racial prejudice in which anti-Black affect is fused with the traditional American value of individualism. Rather than endorsing biological inferiority, racially resentful respondents express the belief that Black Americans violate norms of self-reliance and hard work and make illegitimate demands for special treatment. The standard battery of four agree-disagree items has become the dominant survey measure of racial attitudes in American political science and a powerful predictor of opinion on welfare, affirmative action, and racialized candidate evaluation.	The Anti-Immigrant Prejudice Scale, developed by Thomas Pettigrew and Roel Meertens in 1995, measures prejudice toward immigrants along two dimensions: blatant prejudice, which is hot, close, and direct, expressing open rejection and perceived threat, and subtle prejudice, which is cool, distant, and indirect, expressing defense of traditional values, denial of positive emotion, and exaggeration of cultural difference. Built from national samples across western Europe, the scale captures the modern, socially acceptable face of anti-immigrant attitudes that overt-prejudice items miss, while its two-factor structure remains the subject of ongoing psychometric debate.