Compare methods

	Quadruple Helix Analysis	Technological Innovation Systems
Field	Science Technology Studies	Science Technology Studies
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	2009	2008
Originator	Elias Carayannis & David Campbell (Quadruple Helix); Loet Leydesdorff (N-tuple formalisation)	Anna Bergek, Staffan Jacobsson, Bo Carlsson and colleagues
Type	Innovation-ecosystem framework	Systems-of-innovation framework and scheme of analysis
Seminal source	Carayannis, E. G., & Campbell, D. F. J. (2009). 'Mode 3' and 'Quadruple Helix': toward a 21st century fractal innovation ecosystem. International Journal of Technology Management, 46(3-4), 201-234.	Bergek, A., Jacobsson, S., Carlsson, B., Lindmark, S., & Rickne, A. (2008). Analyzing the functional dynamics of technological innovation systems: a scheme of analysis. Research Policy, 37(3), 407-429.
Aliases	Quadruple Helix model, Mode 3 innovation analysis, N-tuple helix analysis	TIS analysis, Technological innovation system approach, Functional dynamics scheme
Related	4	4
Summary	Quadruple Helix analysis extends the Triple Helix of university-industry-government relations by adding a fourth helix—the media-based and culture-based public, civil society, and users—as a constitutive actor in innovation. It frames innovation as a 'Mode 3' fractal ecosystem in which knowledge is co-produced across multiple spheres, and it situates this within a broader N-tuple generalisation that can add further helices such as the natural environment in the Quintuple Helix.	Technological Innovation Systems (TIS) analysis studies the emergence, growth, and performance of a specific technology by treating it as a system of actors, networks, and institutions that interact to generate, diffuse, and use that technology. Building on the systems-of-innovation tradition, the influential scheme of Bergek and colleagues combines a structural account of the system's components with a functional analysis of the key processes—or functions—that an innovation system must perform, then compares achieved with desired functionality to diagnose inducement and blocking mechanisms and derive policy.