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| Quadratic Assignment Procedure× | Social Network Analysis× | |
|---|---|---|
| Field≠ | Sociology | Network analysis |
| Family≠ | Process / pipeline | Machine learning |
| Year of origin≠ | 1976 (QAP); 1988 (network application) | 1934 (sociometry); 1994 (modern formalization) |
| Originator≠ | Lawrence Hubert & James Schultz; David Krackhardt | Moreno, J.L.; formalized by Wasserman & Faust |
| Type≠ | Permutation-based test of association between two matrices | Structural/relational analysis framework |
| Seminal source≠ | Krackhardt, D. (1988). Predicting with networks: Nonparametric multiple regression analysis of dyadic data. Social Networks, 10(4), 359–381. DOI ↗ | Wasserman, S. & Faust, K. (1994). Social Network Analysis: Methods and Applications. Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0-521-38707-1 |
| Aliases | QAP correlation, QAP permutation test, matrix permutation test, Hubert-Schultz QAP | SNA, network analysis, sociometric analysis, relational analysis |
| Related≠ | 4 | 5 |
| Summary≠ | The quadratic assignment procedure (QAP) is a permutation-based method for testing the association between two relational matrices measured on the same set of actors — for example, whether who advises whom is correlated with who is friends with whom. Because the dyads in a network are not independent, ordinary correlation and regression give invalid p-values; QAP fixes this by comparing the observed matrix correlation to a reference distribution generated by randomly relabeling the nodes of one matrix many times. | Social Network Analysis (SNA) is a structural method that maps and measures relationships and flows between people, groups, organizations, or other entities modeled as nodes connected by ties (edges). Rather than focusing on individual attributes, SNA reveals how the pattern of connections shapes behavior, influence, information flow, and outcomes within a system. |
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