Compare methods

	Patent Citation Analysis	Dynamic Capabilities Measurement
Field	Strategic Management	Strategic Management
Family	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
Year of origin	1993	1997
Originator	Adam Jaffe, Manuel Trajtenberg & Rebecca Henderson; Bronwyn Hall, Adam Jaffe & Manuel Trajtenberg	David J. Teece, Gary Pisano & Amy Shuen; David J. Teece
Type	Bibliometric and network analysis of patent citation data	Construct-measurement approach for firm-level adaptive capabilities
Seminal source	Jaffe, A. B., Trajtenberg, M., & Henderson, R. (1993). Geographic Localization of Knowledge Spillovers as Evidenced by Patent Citations. The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 108(3), 577-598.	Teece, D. J., Pisano, G., & Shuen, A. (1997). Dynamic Capabilities and Strategic Management. Strategic Management Journal, 18(7), 509-533.
Aliases	Patent Citation Networks, Forward Citation Analysis, Knowledge-Flow Patent Analysis, Patent Bibliometrics	Dynamic Capabilities Assessment, Sensing-Seizing-Reconfiguring Measurement, DC Microfoundations Scale, Dynamic Capability Operationalization
Related	4	3
Summary	Patent citation analysis uses the references that patents make to earlier patents as quantitative traces of innovation value and the flow of technological knowledge. The approach was given its empirical foundation by Adam Jaffe, Manuel Trajtenberg, and Rebecca Henderson, whose 1993 Quarterly Journal of Economics study used patent citations to show that knowledge spillovers are geographically localized - inventors disproportionately build on nearby prior art. Bronwyn Hall, Adam Jaffe, and Manuel Trajtenberg's 2001 NBER work then assembled the large-scale patent-citations data file and the methodological toolkit - forward-citation counts, generality and originality indices, citation lags, and self-citation measures - that made citation analysis a standard instrument in the economics and strategy of innovation. By treating the citation network as data, researchers can measure how important an invention is, where its knowledge came from, and where it flowed.	Dynamic capabilities are a firm's higher-order abilities to integrate, build, and reconfigure internal and external competences to address rapidly changing environments. Teece, Pisano, and Shuen's 1997 article introduced the construct to explain why some firms renew their advantage under technological change while others, with strong but static resources, fall behind. Teece's 2007 article disaggregated the construct into three measurable clusters of activity -- sensing opportunities and threats, seizing them through investment and business-model choices, and reconfiguring the asset base to maintain fit -- and located their microfoundations in identifiable routines and processes. Measuring dynamic capabilities means turning these abstract, higher-order constructs into observable indicators: defining the sensing, seizing, and reconfiguring dimensions, writing reflective items or archival proxies for each, validating a multidimensional measurement model, and relating the construct to performance, typically conditional on environmental dynamism.