Compare methods

	Participation and Environment Measure	Capability Approach to Disability
Field	Disability Studies	Disability Studies
Family	Latent structure	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	2011	2006
Originator	Wendy Coster, Mary Law, Gary Bedell, Mary Khetani et al.	Sophie Mitra (building on Amartya Sen)
Type	Parent-report participation-and-environment measurement instrument	Conceptual framework operationalized for disability measurement
Seminal source	Coster, W., Bedell, G., Law, M., Khetani, M. A., Teplicky, R., Liljenquist, K., Gleason, K., & Kao, Y.-C. (2011). Psychometric evaluation of the Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth. Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology, 53(11), 1030-1037.	Mitra, S. (2006). The Capability Approach and Disability. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 16(4), 236-247.
Aliases	PEM-CY, Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth, Children's Participation and Environment Measure, PEM Child Participation Measure	Capability Approach and Disability, Capability Model of Disability, Sen Capability Approach for Disability, Capability Deprivation Analysis of Disability
Related	3	3
Summary	The Participation and Environment Measure for Children and Youth (PEM-CY) is a caregiver-report instrument that measures how children aged 5 to 17, with and without disabilities, participate in the home, school, and community, and the environmental supports and barriers that shape that participation. Developed by Wendy Coster, Mary Law, Gary Bedell, Mary Khetani and colleagues and published in 2011-2012, the PEM-CY operationalizes the participation construct of the World Health Organization's International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) by asking, for each setting, how often a child takes part, how involved they are, and whether the family desires change, alongside ratings of which environmental features help or hinder. Its distinctive contribution is to measure participation and environment together rather than treating the environment as a separate afterthought.	The capability approach to disability, articulated by Sophie Mitra in 2006 by adapting Amartya Sen's capability framework, defines disability as a deprivation of capabilities or functionings that arises from the interaction between a person's characteristics (including impairment), their resources, and the personal, social, and environmental conversion factors that turn resources into real opportunities. Rather than locating disability in the body (the medical model) or solely in society (the strong social model), it locates disability in the gap between what a person is actually able to do and be and what they could do and be. This reframing gives disability studies a measurement-friendly account that distinguishes potential from actual disability.