Compare methods

	Open-Ended Political Response Coding	Political Sophistication Measurement
Field	Political Psychology	Political Psychology
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	1952	1987
Originator	American National Election Studies / Klaus Krippendorff	Robert C. Luskin & John Zaller
Type	Qualitative content coding	Composite cognitive index
Seminal source	Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ISBN: 9780761915454	Zaller, J. R. (1992). The nature and origins of mass opinion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 9780521407861
Aliases	Open-Ended Coding, Likes-Dislikes Coding, Verbatim Response Coding, Master Code Scheme	Political Awareness Index, Political Expertise Measure, Cognitive Sophistication Index
Related	4	4
Summary	Open-ended political response coding is the systematic content analysis of verbatim survey answers, classically the American National Election Studies likes/dislikes about parties and candidates, into a categorical scheme so they can be analyzed quantitatively. It applies content-analysis methodology (Krippendorff, 2004) to capture the substance and sophistication of citizens' political thinking that closed-ended items cannot.	Political sophistication measurement assesses the size, range, and organization of an individual's political belief system, the degree to which a person's political cognitions are numerous, wide-ranging, and well integrated. Luskin (1987) developed rigorous operationalizations, and Zaller (1992) showed that political awareness, his preferred sophistication indicator, governs how citizens receive and accept political messages.