Compare methods

	Open-Ended Political Response Coding	Ideological Constraint Analysis
Field	Political Psychology	Political Psychology
Family	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
Year of origin	1952	1964
Originator	American National Election Studies / Klaus Krippendorff	Philip E. Converse
Type	Qualitative content coding	Belief-system structure analysis
Seminal source	Krippendorff, K. (2004). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage. ISBN: 9780761915454	Converse, P. E. (1964). The nature of belief systems in mass publics. In D. E. Apter (Ed.), Ideology and Discontent (pp. 206-261). New York: Free Press. ISBN: 9780029006702
Aliases	Open-Ended Coding, Likes-Dislikes Coding, Verbatim Response Coding, Master Code Scheme	Belief System Constraint, Attitude Constraint Analysis, Issue Consistency Analysis
Related	4	4
Summary	Open-ended political response coding is the systematic content analysis of verbatim survey answers, classically the American National Election Studies likes/dislikes about parties and candidates, into a categorical scheme so they can be analyzed quantitatively. It applies content-analysis methodology (Krippendorff, 2004) to capture the substance and sophistication of citizens' political thinking that closed-ended items cannot.	Ideological constraint analysis measures the degree to which an individual's or a public's political attitudes hang together in a coherent, predictable structure, the extent to which knowing a person's position on one issue lets you predict their positions on others. Introduced by Converse (1964) as the defining feature of a belief system, it is assessed through inter-item correlations, factor/latent-dimension models, and constraint indices.