Compare methods

	NOVA Food Classification	Multiple-Pass 24-Hour Dietary Recall
Field	Food Agriculture Studies	Food Agriculture Studies
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	2019	2008
Originator	Carlos A. Monteiro and colleagues (University of Sao Paulo)	Alanna J. Moshfegh and colleagues (USDA Agricultural Research Service)
Type	Food-processing classification pipeline for diet and food-system analysis	Structured multi-pass interview pipeline for quantitative dietary intake
Seminal source	Monteiro, C. A., Cannon, G., Levy, R. B., Moubarac, J.-C., Louzada, M. L. C., Rauber, F., Khandpur, N., Cediel, G., Neri, D., Martinez-Steele, E., Baraldi, L. G., & Jaime, P. C. (2019). Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them. Public Health Nutrition, 22(5), 936-941.	Moshfegh, A. J., Rhodes, D. G., Baer, D. J., Murayi, T., Clemens, J. C., Rumpler, W. V., Paul, D. R., Sebastian, R. S., Kuczynski, K. J., Ingwersen, L. A., Staples, R. C., & Cleveland, L. E. (2008). The US Department of Agriculture Automated Multiple-Pass Method reduces bias in the collection of energy intakes. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 88(2), 324-332.
Aliases	NOVA, NOVA classification, Ultra-Processed Food Classification, NOVA food processing classification	AMPM, Automated Multiple-Pass Method, 5-Pass 24-Hour Recall, 24-Hour Dietary Recall (Multiple-Pass)
Related	4	4
Summary	The NOVA classification groups foods not by their nutrient content but by the nature, extent, and purpose of the industrial processing they undergo, sorting all items into four groups: unprocessed or minimally processed foods, processed culinary ingredients, processed foods, and ultra-processed foods. Developed by Carlos Monteiro and colleagues at the University of Sao Paulo, NOVA introduced ultra-processed foods (UPF) as a category — industrial formulations made largely from substances extracted from foods plus additives — and argued that this processing dimension, rather than nutrient profile alone, is central to diet and health. The 2019 paper Ultra-processed foods: what they are and how to identify them gives the operational definitions, and the share of dietary energy from ultra-processed foods has become a widely used exposure in nutrition and food-system research.	The Multiple-Pass 24-Hour Dietary Recall is a structured interview method for measuring everything an individual ate and drank in the previous day, designed to maximize completeness and accuracy through several successive passes over the same day. Its definitive form is the USDA Automated Multiple-Pass Method (AMPM), a computerized five-step protocol used in What We Eat in America, the dietary component of NHANES. Validated against doubly labeled water by Moshfegh and colleagues in 2008, the AMPM was shown to reduce the bias in self-reported energy intake that plagues single-pass recalls, and the earlier 5-step protocol was validated against weighed observation by Conway and colleagues. By guiding respondents through a quick list, forgotten-food probes, time and occasion, detailed descriptions and amounts, and a final review, the method turns a notoriously error-prone task into a standardized, quantifiable dietary measurement.