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| N-gram Analysis× | Keyness Analysis× | |
|---|---|---|
| Field | Linguistics | Linguistics |
| Family | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Year of origin≠ | 1999 | 1997 |
| Originator≠ | Corpus linguists (Douglas Biber; lexical bundles tradition) | Mike Scott |
| Type≠ | Frequency analysis of contiguous word sequences | Corpus comparison of relative word frequencies |
| Seminal source≠ | Biber, D., Johansson, S., Leech, G., Conrad, S., & Finegan, E. (1999). Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Longman. ISBN: 9780582237254 | Scott, M. (1997). PC analysis of key words — and key key words. System, 25(2), 233–245. DOI ↗ |
| Aliases | Lexical Bundle Analysis, Cluster Analysis (corpus linguistics), Contiguous Sequence Analysis | Keyword Analysis, Corpus Keyness, Keyness Statistics |
| Related≠ | 4 | 3 |
| Summary≠ | N-gram analysis is a corpus-linguistic technique that extracts and ranks every contiguous sequence of n words (or characters) in a corpus, exposing the recurrent multi-word units — two-word bigrams, three-word trigrams, and longer 'lexical bundles' — that make up a register or text type. By counting how often each sequence recurs, it reveals the prefabricated, formulaic backbone of language that single-word frequency lists cannot capture. | Keyness analysis identifies the words that are characteristically frequent (or infrequent) in a target corpus relative to a reference corpus, using statistical tests to measure how unexpected each word's frequency is. Introduced by Mike Scott in 1997, it answers the question 'what is this text or collection distinctively about?' and is a central technique in corpus linguistics and corpus-assisted discourse analysis for surfacing the salient vocabulary of a genre, period, author, or social group. |
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