Compare methods

	Leisure Motivation Scale	Free Time Motivation Scale
Field	Sport Leisure Studies	Sport Leisure Studies
Family	Latent structure	Latent structure
Year of origin	1983	2003
Originator	Jacob G. Beard & Mounir G. Ragheb	Cheryl K. Baldwin & Linda L. Caldwell
Type	Latent-structure measurement model of leisure motivation	Multidimensional latent-construct self-report scale
Seminal source	Beard, J. G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1983). Measuring Leisure Motivation. Journal of Leisure Research, 15(3), 219-228.	Baldwin, C. K., & Caldwell, L. L. (2003). Development of the Free Time Motivation Scale for Adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(2), 129-151.
Aliases	LMS, Beard & Ragheb Leisure Motivation Scale, Leisure Motivation Inventory, Four-Motive Leisure Scale	FTMS-A, Free Time Motivation Scale for Adolescents, Baldwin-Caldwell Free-Time Motivation Measure, Adolescent Free-Time Self-Determination Scale
Related	4	4
Summary	The Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS), developed by Jacob Beard and Mounir Ragheb in their 1983 Journal of Leisure Research article, measures the psychological and social reasons people give for participating in leisure. Building on Maslow's need theory and the leisure-needs literature, the scale reduces leisure motivation to four broad motives, each represented by twelve items: the intellectual motive (mental activity — learning, exploring, imagining), the social motive (friendship and interpersonal relationships, including the need for esteem), the competence-mastery motive (achievement, challenge, and the testing of skills), and the stimulus-avoidance motive (the drive to escape and to seek rest, solitude, and relaxation). Administered to 1,205 respondents and refined by item and factor analysis, the four subscales achieved reliabilities near .90 and became, alongside the companion Leisure Satisfaction Scale, the most widely used motivation measure in leisure studies and tourism.	The Free Time Motivation Scale for Adolescents (FTMS-A), developed by Cheryl Baldwin and Linda Caldwell in 2003, is a self-report instrument that measures why young people do what they do in their free time, grounded in self-determination theory. Rather than asking only whether adolescents are motivated, it distinguishes five qualitatively different regulatory styles arranged along a continuum of self-determination: intrinsic motivation (free time pursued for its own enjoyment), identified regulation (valued as personally important), introjected regulation (driven by internal pressure such as guilt), external regulation (driven by outside rewards or demands), and amotivation (a lack of any clear reason to act). Each style is captured by a reflective latent subscale and validated through confirmatory factor analysis. Built on Ryan and Deci's self-determination framework and validated with young adolescents, the FTMS-A lets researchers locate where a young person's free-time motivation falls on the autonomy continuum and relate that profile to engagement, boredom, and well-being.