Compare methods

	Intertextuality Analysis	Redaction Criticism
Field	Religious Studies	Religious Studies
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	1989	1969
Originator	Richard B. Hays (echoes/allusion criteria); building on Julia Kristeva's intertextuality	Günther Bornkamm, Hans Conzelmann, Willi Marxsen; introduced to English by Norman Perrin
Type	Criteria-based pipeline for detecting and interpreting scriptural allusions and echoes	Editorial-analysis pipeline recovering the final author's theology
Seminal source	Hays, R. B. (1989). Echoes of Scripture in the Letters of Paul. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN: 9780300044713	Perrin, N. (1969). What Is Redaction Criticism? Philadelphia: Fortress Press. ISBN: 9780800601812
Aliases	Inner-Biblical Allusion Analysis, Echoes of Scripture, Allusion and Echo Criticism, Scriptural Intertextuality	Redaktionsgeschichte, Composition Criticism, Editorial Criticism, Redaction-Critical Analysis
Related	4	4
Summary	Intertextuality analysis studies how one text invokes another, and in biblical studies it focuses on the dense web of allusion and echo by which later scripture reuses earlier scripture. When Paul quotes, paraphrases, or faintly echoes Israel's scriptures, the borrowed words carry their old context into the new, enriching and sometimes reshaping the meaning. Richard B. Hays's 1989 Echoes of Scripture in the Letters of Paul made this study rigorous by proposing a set of criteria for deciding when an apparent echo is real and what it does. Drawing the term intertextuality from literary theory but giving it a controlled, text-critical application, Hays distinguished quotation, allusion, and the faintest echo, and showed how an evoked source text can transform a passage through the figure of metalepsis. The method gives disciplined criteria for a notoriously slippery interpretive judgment.	Redaction criticism (Redaktionsgeschichte) studies the biblical authors not as passive collectors of tradition but as genuine authors and theologians who shaped their inherited material to make a point. Where form criticism dissolved the Gospels into independent oral units, redaction criticism puts the spotlight back on the evangelist who selected, arranged, and edited those units. By comparing the final text with the sources and traditions behind it, the critic isolates the changes the author made, looks for a consistent pattern in those changes, and reads off the theological program that motivated them. Hans Conzelmann's 1953 study of Luke is the classic example, and Norman Perrin's 1969 primer What Is Redaction Criticism? introduced the method to English readers and articulated its logic.