Compare methods

	Intergroup Threat Scale	Emotion Appraisal in Politics
Field	Political Psychology	Political Psychology
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	1999	2000
Originator	Walter G. Stephan & Cookie White Stephan	George Marcus, Russell Neuman & Michael MacKuen; Ted Brader
Type	Self-report attitude scale	Survey/lab experiment
Seminal source	Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., & Bachman, G. (1999). Prejudice toward immigrants. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 29(11), 2221-2237.	Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000). Affective intelligence and political judgment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 9780226504698
Aliases	Integrated Threat Scale, Realistic and Symbolic Threat Scale, Perceived Threat Scale	Affective Intelligence Experiment, Political Emotion Appraisal Study, Discrete Emotions Politics Measure
Related	4	4
Summary	The Intergroup Threat Scale operationalizes intergroup (originally integrated) threat theory (Stephan & Stephan), which holds that prejudice toward an out-group arises from perceived realistic threats (to the in-group's resources, power, or welfare) and symbolic threats (to its values, beliefs, and worldview). It is a self-report measure widely used to explain attitudes toward immigrants and other out-groups in political psychology.	Emotion appraisal in politics studies how distinct emotions, anxiety, anger, enthusiasm, and others, arise from cognitive appraisals of political events and in turn shape attention, information seeking, persuasion, and participation. It combines appraisal theory with affective intelligence theory (Marcus, Neuman and MacKuen, 2000) and Brader's (2006) work on emotional campaign appeals, typically measured through experiments and surveys that elicit and analyze discrete emotional responses.