Compare methods

	Indirect Standardization	Kitagawa Decomposition
Field	Demography	Demography
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	2001	1955
Originator	Classical demographic method (formalized by Preston, Heuveline & Guillot)	Evelyn M. Kitagawa
Type	Rate adjustment using a standard schedule of group-specific rates	Arithmetic decomposition of a difference between two summary rates
Seminal source	Preston, S. H., Heuveline, P., & Guillot, M. (2001). Demography: Measuring and Modeling Population Processes. Blackwell. ISBN: 9781557864512	Kitagawa, E. M. (1955). Components of a difference between two rates. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 50(272), 1168–1194.
Aliases	Indirect method of standardization, Standardized mortality ratio, SMR method, Dolaylı Standardizasyon	Components-of-difference method, Rate decomposition, Standardization decomposition, Kitagawa Ayrıştırması
Related	4	4
Summary	Indirect standardization is a demographic technique for comparing summary rates when a study population's own group-specific rates are too sparse to be reliable. Instead of reweighting the study population's rates, it applies a trusted standard schedule of group-specific rates to the study population's own structure to compute the number of events that would be expected. The ratio of observed to expected events — the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) — measures how the study population's risk compares with the standard, adjusted for its composition.	Kitagawa decomposition is a demographic technique that splits the difference between two summary rates — such as two crude death rates, birth rates, or prevalence figures — into the part attributable to differences in the underlying group-specific rates and the part attributable to differences in population composition. Introduced by Evelyn Kitagawa in 1955, it answers whether a gap between two populations reflects genuinely different risks or merely a different age (or other) structure.