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	Hierarchical Leisure Constraints Model	Leisure Motivation Scale
Field	Sport Leisure Studies	Sport Leisure Studies
Family	Process / pipeline	Latent structure
Year of origin	1991	1983
Originator	Duane W. Crawford, Edgar L. Jackson & Geoffrey Godbey	Jacob G. Beard & Mounir G. Ragheb
Type	Sequential process model of constraint encounter and participation	Latent-structure measurement model of leisure motivation
Seminal source	Crawford, D. W., Jackson, E. L., & Godbey, G. (1991). A hierarchical model of leisure constraints. Leisure Sciences, 13(4), 309-320.	Beard, J. G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1983). Measuring Leisure Motivation. Journal of Leisure Research, 15(3), 219-228.
Aliases	Hierarchical Model of Leisure Constraints, Crawford-Jackson-Godbey Model, Sequential Constraints Model	LMS, Beard & Ragheb Leisure Motivation Scale, Leisure Motivation Inventory, Four-Motive Leisure Scale
Related	3	4
Summary	The hierarchical leisure constraints model proposes that the three types of constraint on recreation participation are not faced all at once but encountered in a fixed sequence, from the most personal to the most external. Crawford, Jackson and Godbey's 1991 paper in Leisure Sciences synthesized earlier work on intrapersonal, interpersonal, and structural constraints into a single ordered framework: a person must first overcome internal psychological constraints to form a preference for an activity, then resolve interpersonal constraints by coordinating with companions, and only then confront structural constraints such as cost and access. This ordering, which extended Crawford and Godbey's 1987 reconceptualization of leisure barriers, implies that the most powerful constraints are the intrapersonal ones encountered earliest, because they prevent a preference from ever forming. The model became the dominant organizing structure for constraints research and the foundation on which the later negotiation perspective was built.	The Leisure Motivation Scale (LMS), developed by Jacob Beard and Mounir Ragheb in their 1983 Journal of Leisure Research article, measures the psychological and social reasons people give for participating in leisure. Building on Maslow's need theory and the leisure-needs literature, the scale reduces leisure motivation to four broad motives, each represented by twelve items: the intellectual motive (mental activity — learning, exploring, imagining), the social motive (friendship and interpersonal relationships, including the need for esteem), the competence-mastery motive (achievement, challenge, and the testing of skills), and the stimulus-avoidance motive (the drive to escape and to seek rest, solitude, and relaxation). Administered to 1,205 respondents and refined by item and factor analysis, the four subscales achieved reliabilities near .90 and became, alongside the companion Leisure Satisfaction Scale, the most widely used motivation measure in leisure studies and tourism.