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	Groningen Frailty Indicator	SARC-F Sarcopenia Screen
Field	Social Gerontology	Social Gerontology
Family	Latent structure	Latent structure
Year of origin	2004	2013
Originator	Nardi Steverink, Joris P. J. Slaets, Hanneke Schuurmans (University of Groningen)	Theodore K. Malmstrom and John E. Morley (Saint Louis University)
Type	Self-report multidomain frailty screening questionnaire	Self-report sarcopenia case-finding questionnaire
Seminal source	Schuurmans, H., Steverink, N., Lindenberg, S., Frieswijk, N., & Slaets, J. P. J. (2004). Old or Frail: What Tells Us More? The Journals of Gerontology: Series A, Biological Sciences and Medical Sciences, 59(9), M962-M965.	Malmstrom, T. K., & Morley, J. E. (2013). SARC-F: A Simple Questionnaire to Rapidly Diagnose Sarcopenia. Journal of the American Medical Directors Association, 14(8), 531-532.
Aliases	GFI, Groningen Frailty Index, GFI frailty screen	SARC-F, SARC-F questionnaire, Strength Assistance Rising Climbing Falls screen
Related	3	3
Summary	The Groningen Frailty Indicator (GFI) is a brief 15-item self-report screening instrument that measures frailty across four domains: physical, cognitive, social, and psychological. Developed at the University of Groningen by Nardi Steverink, Joris Slaets, and colleagues around the turn of the millennium and characterized in Schuurmans and colleagues' 2004 study 'Old or Frail: What Tells Us More?', the GFI was designed to identify older people whose vulnerability is better captured by accumulated functional losses than by chronological age alone. Each domain contributes items scored so that the presence of a problem adds a point, producing a total of 0–15, with a score of 4 or higher commonly taken to indicate frailty. The GFI is widely used in Dutch and European primary care and oncology to flag older patients for fuller geriatric evaluation.	SARC-F is a brief, five-item self-report questionnaire for case-finding of sarcopenia — the age-related loss of skeletal muscle mass and function — in older adults. Introduced by Theodore Malmstrom and John Morley in 2013, its name is an acronym for the five domains it assesses: Strength, Assistance in walking, Rising from a chair, Climbing stairs, and Falls. Each item is scored 0 to 2, giving a total from 0 to 10, and a score of 4 or higher signals likely sarcopenia and risk of poor functional outcomes. Because it requires no equipment, no clinician, and under a minute to complete, SARC-F is recommended by major consensus groups (including the European and Asian sarcopenia working groups) as the first step in sarcopenia case-finding, to be confirmed by muscle-strength and mass measurement.