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	Global Gender Gap Index	Gender Empowerment Measure
Field	Gender Studies	Gender Studies
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	2006	1995
Originator	World Economic Forum (Hausmann, Tyson & Zahidi)	UNDP Human Development Report Office
Type	Composite gap index	Composite empowerment index
Seminal source	World Economic Forum (2023). Global Gender Gap Report 2023. World Economic Forum, Geneva.	United Nations Development Programme (1995). Human Development Report 1995 — Gender and Human Development. Oxford University Press / UNDP.
Aliases	GGGI, WEF Gender Gap Index, Global Gender Gap Report Index	GEM, UNDP Gender Empowerment Measure
Related	4	4
Summary	The Global Gender Gap Index (GGGI) is the headline measure of the World Economic Forum's annual Global Gender Gap Report, first published in 2006. It benchmarks gender parity by measuring female-to-male ratios across four subindexes — economic participation and opportunity, educational attainment, health and survival, and political empowerment — and reports the share of each gap that has been closed, deliberately ignoring countries' absolute levels of development.	The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is a UNDP composite introduced in the 1995 Human Development Report to capture gender inequality in agency and opportunity rather than in basic capabilities. It combines women's and men's shares of parliamentary seats, of senior administrative and managerial as well as professional and technical positions, and their relative earned income, aggregating them into an index that emphasises participation in economic and political decision-making.