Compare methods

	Gender Schema Measurement	Modern Sexism Scale
Field	Gender Studies	Gender Studies
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	1981	1995
Originator	Sandra Lipsitz Bem	Janet K. Swim, Kathryn J. Aikin, Wayne S. Hall, and Barbara A. Hunter
Type	Cognitive-processing assessment	Self-report attitude scale
Seminal source	Bem, S. L. (1981). Gender schema theory: A cognitive account of sex typing. Psychological Review, 88(4), 354–364.	Swim, J. K., Aikin, K. J., Hall, W. S., & Hunter, B. A. (1995). Sexism and racism: Old-fashioned and modern prejudices. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 68(2), 199–214.
Aliases	Gender Schematicity Measurement, Gender Schema Assessment, Schematic Gender Processing Measure	MSS, Swim Modern Sexism Scale, Neosexism
Related	4	4
Summary	Gender schema measurement assesses the degree to which a person organises and processes information through the lens of gender. Grounded in Sandra Bem's 1981 gender schema theory, it treats sex typing not merely as a set of traits but as a cognitive readiness to sort the world — including the self — into masculine and feminine categories. Measurement combines self-report sex-typing scores, typically from the Bem Sex-Role Inventory, with experimental tasks that reveal how spontaneously a person uses gender to encode and recall information.	The Modern Sexism Scale, developed by Janet Swim and colleagues in 1995, distinguishes between old-fashioned (blatant) sexism and modern (subtle) sexism, paralleling work on old-fashioned versus modern racism. The accompanying Old-Fashioned Sexism Scale captures openly endorsed beliefs in women's inferiority and prescribed traditional roles, while the Modern Sexism Scale captures covert sexism expressed through denial of continuing discrimination, antagonism toward women's demands, and resentment of policies perceived as special favours.