Compare methods

	Gender Empowerment Measure	Gender Inequality Index
Field	Gender Studies	Gender Studies
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	1995	2010
Originator	UNDP Human Development Report Office	UNDP Human Development Report Office (Gaye, Klugman et al.)
Type	Composite empowerment index	Composite inequality index
Seminal source	United Nations Development Programme (1995). Human Development Report 1995 — Gender and Human Development. Oxford University Press / UNDP.	Gaye, A., Klugman, J., Kovacevic, M., Twigg, S., & Zambrano, E. (2010). Measuring key disparities in human development: The Gender Inequality Index. Human Development Research Paper 2010/46. UNDP Human Development Report Office.
Aliases	GEM, UNDP Gender Empowerment Measure	GII, UNDP Gender Inequality Index
Related	4	4
Summary	The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is a UNDP composite introduced in the 1995 Human Development Report to capture gender inequality in agency and opportunity rather than in basic capabilities. It combines women's and men's shares of parliamentary seats, of senior administrative and managerial as well as professional and technical positions, and their relative earned income, aggregating them into an index that emphasises participation in economic and political decision-making.	The Gender Inequality Index (GII) is a composite measure introduced by the UNDP in the 2010 Human Development Report to capture the loss in potential human development due to inequality between women and men. It combines three dimensions — reproductive health, empowerment, and labour-market participation — into a single index ranging from 0 (perfect equality) to 1 (complete inequality), using an association-sensitive aggregation that penalises both gaps between the sexes and inequality across dimensions.