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	Gender Empowerment Measure	Gender Development Index
Field	Gender Studies	Gender Studies
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	1995	1995
Originator	UNDP Human Development Report Office	UNDP Human Development Report Office
Type	Composite empowerment index	Composite development index (ratio form)
Seminal source	United Nations Development Programme (1995). Human Development Report 1995 — Gender and Human Development. Oxford University Press / UNDP.	United Nations Development Programme (2014). Human Development Report 2014 — Sustaining Human Progress: Reducing Vulnerabilities and Building Resilience (Technical Note on the Gender Development Index). UNDP.
Aliases	GEM, UNDP Gender Empowerment Measure	GDI, Gender-related Development Index, UNDP Gender Development Index
Related	4	4
Summary	The Gender Empowerment Measure (GEM) is a UNDP composite introduced in the 1995 Human Development Report to capture gender inequality in agency and opportunity rather than in basic capabilities. It combines women's and men's shares of parliamentary seats, of senior administrative and managerial as well as professional and technical positions, and their relative earned income, aggregating them into an index that emphasises participation in economic and political decision-making.	The Gender Development Index (GDI) is a UNDP composite that measures gender gaps in human development by computing the Human Development Index separately for women and men and expressing the female value as a ratio of the male value. First introduced as the Gender-related Development Index in the 1995 Human Development Report and redesigned in 2014, it covers the same three dimensions as the HDI — a long and healthy life, knowledge, and a decent standard of living — and reports how far female human development falls short of, or exceeds, male human development.