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	Gender Attitude Survey	Gender-Equitable Men Scale
Field	Gender Studies	Gender Studies
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	1981	2008
Originator	Cross-national survey programmes (World Values Survey, ISSP, GSS)	Julie Pulerwitz & Gary Barker
Type	Population attitude survey	Self-report attitude scale
Seminal source	Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2003). Rising Tide: Gender Equality and Cultural Change Around the World. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. ISBN: 9780521529501	Pulerwitz, J., & Barker, G. (2008). Measuring attitudes toward gender norms among young men in Brazil: Development and psychometric evaluation of the GEM Scale. Men and Masculinities, 10(3), 322–338.
Aliases	Gender Attitudes Survey, Gender-Role Attitudes Survey, Gender Equality Attitudes Module	GEM Scale, Gender Equitable Men Scale, GEMS
Related	4	4
Summary	Gender attitude surveys are population-based instruments that measure how a society views the roles, rights, and relations of women and men. Unlike clinical or laboratory scales, they are fielded to probability samples and embedded in large programmes such as the World Values Survey, the International Social Survey Programme, and the General Social Survey, using standardized items so that gender ideology can be estimated for whole populations and compared across countries and over decades.	The Gender-Equitable Men (GEM) Scale is a 24-item self-report instrument developed by Julie Pulerwitz and Gary Barker in 2008 to measure attitudes toward gender norms, particularly among men. Created and first validated with young men in Brazil through the Instituto Promundo programme, it covers norms around sexual and reproductive health, sexual relationships, violence, domestic work and child care, and homophobia, and has become a leading tool for evaluating gender-transformative health and violence-prevention interventions worldwide.