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	Free Time Motivation Scale	Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure
Field	Sport Leisure Studies	Sport Leisure Studies
Family	Latent structure	Latent structure
Year of origin	2003	2008
Originator	Cheryl K. Baldwin & Linda L. Caldwell	Jay Gould, DeWayne Moore, Francis McGuire & Robert A. Stebbins
Type	Multidimensional latent-construct self-report scale	Multidimensional self-report measurement instrument
Seminal source	Baldwin, C. K., & Caldwell, L. L. (2003). Development of the Free Time Motivation Scale for Adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(2), 129-151.	Gould, J., Moore, D., McGuire, F., & Stebbins, R. (2008). Development of the Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure. Journal of Leisure Research, 40(1), 47-68.
Aliases	FTMS-A, Free Time Motivation Scale for Adolescents, Baldwin-Caldwell Free-Time Motivation Measure, Adolescent Free-Time Self-Determination Scale	SLIM, Serious Leisure Inventory, Serious Leisure Measure
Related	4	3
Summary	The Free Time Motivation Scale for Adolescents (FTMS-A), developed by Cheryl Baldwin and Linda Caldwell in 2003, is a self-report instrument that measures why young people do what they do in their free time, grounded in self-determination theory. Rather than asking only whether adolescents are motivated, it distinguishes five qualitatively different regulatory styles arranged along a continuum of self-determination: intrinsic motivation (free time pursued for its own enjoyment), identified regulation (valued as personally important), introjected regulation (driven by internal pressure such as guilt), external regulation (driven by outside rewards or demands), and amotivation (a lack of any clear reason to act). Each style is captured by a reflective latent subscale and validated through confirmatory factor analysis. Built on Ryan and Deci's self-determination framework and validated with young adolescents, the FTMS-A lets researchers locate where a young person's free-time motivation falls on the autonomy continuum and relate that profile to engagement, boredom, and well-being.	The Serious Leisure Inventory and Measure (SLIM) is a multidimensional self-report instrument that operationalizes Robert Stebbins's serious leisure perspective for quantitative research. Stebbins defined serious leisure as the systematic pursuit of an amateur, hobbyist, or volunteer activity sufficiently substantial and interesting for the participant to find a career there, distinguished from casual leisure by six durable qualities: perseverance, a leisure career, significant personal effort, durable benefits, a unique ethos, and strong identification with the pursuit. Gould, Moore, McGuire and Stebbins's 2008 paper in the Journal of Leisure Research translated these six qualities into eighteen measurable sub-dimensions and, using expert q-sorts and confirmatory factor analysis, produced a validated seventy-two-item inventory with acceptable fit, reliability, and equivalence across samples. SLIM turned a rich but qualitative theory into a calibrated measure that researchers can use to compare the seriousness of leisure involvement across people and activities.