Compare methods

	Free Time Motivation Scale	Leisure Satisfaction Scale
Field	Sport Leisure Studies	Sport Leisure Studies
Family	Latent structure	Latent structure
Year of origin	2003	1980
Originator	Cheryl K. Baldwin & Linda L. Caldwell	Jacob G. Beard & Mounir G. Ragheb
Type	Multidimensional latent-construct self-report scale	Latent-structure measurement model of perceived leisure satisfaction
Seminal source	Baldwin, C. K., & Caldwell, L. L. (2003). Development of the Free Time Motivation Scale for Adolescents. Journal of Leisure Research, 35(2), 129-151.	Beard, J. G., & Ragheb, M. G. (1980). Measuring Leisure Satisfaction. Journal of Leisure Research, 12(1), 20-33.
Aliases	FTMS-A, Free Time Motivation Scale for Adolescents, Baldwin-Caldwell Free-Time Motivation Measure, Adolescent Free-Time Self-Determination Scale	LSS, Leisure Satisfaction Measure, Beard & Ragheb Leisure Satisfaction Scale, Leisure Satisfaction Inventory
Related	4	4
Summary	The Free Time Motivation Scale for Adolescents (FTMS-A), developed by Cheryl Baldwin and Linda Caldwell in 2003, is a self-report instrument that measures why young people do what they do in their free time, grounded in self-determination theory. Rather than asking only whether adolescents are motivated, it distinguishes five qualitatively different regulatory styles arranged along a continuum of self-determination: intrinsic motivation (free time pursued for its own enjoyment), identified regulation (valued as personally important), introjected regulation (driven by internal pressure such as guilt), external regulation (driven by outside rewards or demands), and amotivation (a lack of any clear reason to act). Each style is captured by a reflective latent subscale and validated through confirmatory factor analysis. Built on Ryan and Deci's self-determination framework and validated with young adolescents, the FTMS-A lets researchers locate where a young person's free-time motivation falls on the autonomy continuum and relate that profile to engagement, boredom, and well-being.	The Leisure Satisfaction Scale (LSS), developed by Jacob Beard and Mounir Ragheb in their 1980 Journal of Leisure Research article, measures the positive perceptions and feelings an individual derives from engaging in leisure activities — the extent to which leisure meets felt needs. From an initial pool of 59 indicators distilled through pilot studies and expert review, factor analysis yielded six interpretable components: psychological, educational, social, relaxation, physiological, and aesthetic. The full instrument comprises 51 items and a widely used 24-item short form, with a total reliability around .96 and strong subscale reliabilities. The LSS became the most recognized measure of leisure satisfaction and a standard outcome in studies linking leisure to quality of life, as in Ragheb and Griffith's demonstration that leisure satisfaction contributes to the life satisfaction of older adults.