Compare methods

	Framing Effects Experiment	Gain-Loss Message Framing Analysis
Field	Communication	Communication
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	1987	1997
Originator	Iyengar & Kinder (effects tradition); Chong & Druckman (synthesis)	Rothman & Salovey (health framing synthesis); roots in Kahneman & Tversky
Type	Randomized experiment isolating the causal effect of message frames on attitudes	Experiment comparing gain- versus loss-framed persuasive messages
Seminal source	Iyengar, S., & Kinder, D. R. (1987). News That Matters: Television and American Opinion. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 9780226388571	Rothman, A. J., & Salovey, P. (1997). Shaping perceptions to motivate healthy behavior: The role of message framing. Psychological Bulletin, 121(1), 3–19.
Aliases	Framing experiment, Message framing experiment, Equivalence and emphasis framing experiment, Çerçeveleme Etkisi Deneyi	Message framing analysis, Gain-loss framing study, Valence framing experiment, Kazanç-Kayıp Mesaj Çerçeveleme Analizi
Related	4	4
Summary	A framing effects experiment is a randomized design that isolates the causal impact of how a message is framed — which considerations it emphasizes — on people's attitudes, judgments, or behavior. By randomly assigning participants to read otherwise comparable messages that differ only in their frame, it provides the causal counterpart to the descriptive framing analysis of media content.	Gain-loss message framing analysis is an experimental method for testing whether a persuasive appeal works better when it stresses the benefits of acting (gain frame) or the costs of not acting (loss frame). Grounded in prospect theory and synthesized for health communication by Rothman and Salovey, it predicts that loss frames are more persuasive for risky detection behaviors while gain frames win for safe prevention behaviors.