Compare methods

	Flow State Scale-2	Psychological Momentum in Sport
Field	Sport Leisure Studies	Sport Leisure Studies
Family	Latent structure	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	2002	1988
Originator	Susan A. Jackson & Robert C. Eklund	Robert J. Vallerand, Paul G. Colavecchio & Luc G. Pelletier; Jim Taylor & Andrew Demick
Type	Latent-structure measurement model of flow in physical activity	Perceptual model linking precipitating events to performance through momentum perception
Seminal source	Jackson, S. A., & Eklund, R. C. (2002). Assessing Flow in Physical Activity: The Flow State Scale-2 and Dispositional Flow Scale-2. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 24(2), 133-150.	Vallerand, R. J., Colavecchio, P. G., & Pelletier, L. G. (1988). Psychological momentum and performance inferences: A preliminary test of the antecedents-consequences psychological momentum model. Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 10(1), 92-108.
Aliases	FSS-2, Jackson & Eklund Flow Scale, Flow State Scale Revised, Dispositional Flow Scale-2	Sport Momentum Analysis, Perceived Momentum, Momentum Chain Modeling, PM Model
Related	4	3
Summary	The Flow State Scale-2 (FSS-2) is a 36-item self-report instrument developed by Susan Jackson and Robert Eklund (2002) to measure flow — the state of optimal experience and total absorption — as it occurs in a specific physical-activity episode. It operationalizes Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's nine dimensions of flow: challenge-skill balance, action-awareness merging, clear goals, unambiguous feedback, total concentration on the task, a sense of control, loss of self-consciousness, transformation of time, and the autotelic (intrinsically rewarding) experience. The FSS-2 revised the original Flow State Scale by replacing problematic items, and confirmatory factor analyses across an item-identification and a cross-validation sample showed good fit for both a nine-factor and a higher-order model, with subscale reliabilities between roughly .80 and .92. A companion Dispositional Flow Scale-2 measures the same nine dimensions as a general tendency rather than a single episode.	Psychological momentum is the perception that one is progressing toward a goal, often triggered by a precipitating event such as a scoring run, and widely believed to shape subsequent performance. Robert Vallerand, Paul Colavecchio, and Luc Pelletier's 1988 antecedents-consequences model gave the construct its decisive shape by insisting that momentum is a perception that must be distinguished from both its antecedents (the events that trigger it) and its consequences (the affective, motivational, and behavioral changes it produces). Jim Taylor and Andrew Demick's 1994 multidimensional model extended this into a 'momentum chain,' specifying how precipitating events interact with personal and situational factors to alter cognition, affect, physiology, and ultimately performance. Studying psychological momentum therefore means measuring perception as a mediator, not assuming that a hot streak automatically causes the next success.