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	Empowering Leadership Scale	Job Crafting Scale
Field	Organizational Behavior	Organizational Behavior
Family	Latent structure	Latent structure
Year of origin	2005	2001
Originator	Michael Ahearne, John Mathieu & Adam Rapp; Payal Sharma & Bradley Kirkman	Amy Wrzesniewski & Jane Dutton; Maria Tims, Arnold Bakker & Daantje Derks
Type	Leadership style measurement scale	Proactive work-redesign measurement scale
Seminal source	Ahearne, M., Mathieu, J., & Rapp, A. (2005). To empower or not to empower your sales force? An empirical examination of the influence of leadership empowerment behavior on customer satisfaction and performance. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90(5), 945-955.	Wrzesniewski, A., & Dutton, J. E. (2001). Crafting a job: Revisioning employees as active crafters of their work. Academy of Management Review, 26(2), 179-201.
Aliases	ELS, Leadership Empowerment Behavior Scale, Empowering Leadership Questionnaire, LEB	JCS, Job Crafting Questionnaire, Tims-Bakker-Derks Job Crafting Scale, JD-R Job Crafting Measure
Related	3	3
Summary	The Empowering Leadership Scale measures the extent to which leaders share power with and build the self-influence of their subordinates rather than directing them from the top down. Empowering leadership describes a set of behaviors — enhancing the meaningfulness of work, fostering participation in decisions, expressing confidence in subordinates' capabilities, and providing autonomy from bureaucratic constraints. Ahearne, Mathieu, and Rapp's 2005 Journal of Applied Psychology study introduced an influential leadership-empowerment-behavior measure and showed, in a salesforce setting, that empowering leadership improves customer satisfaction and performance through subordinate self-efficacy and adaptability. Sharma and Kirkman's 2015 review consolidated the construct, its measures, and its mechanisms, clarifying how empowering leadership operates through psychological empowerment and self-leadership. The scale is now a standard tool for studying when and for whom sharing power energizes employees.	The Job Crafting Scale measures the proactive, self-initiated changes employees make to their own jobs, a construct introduced by Amy Wrzesniewski and Jane Dutton in 2001. Where classic work-design theory treated jobs as fixed structures handed down by managers, job crafting reframes employees as active agents who reshape the task, relational, and cognitive boundaries of their work to make it more meaningful and engaging. The most widely used psychometric instrument, the Job Crafting Scale of Maria Tims, Arnold Bakker, and Daantje Derks (2012), operationalizes crafting within the Job Demands-Resources framework as four behaviors: increasing structural resources, increasing social resources, increasing challenging demands, and decreasing hindering demands. The scale yields a validated, multidimensional self-report measure whose factor structure and reliability have been established across samples and languages. It has become the standard tool for studying how bottom-up job redesign relates to engagement, performance, and well-being.