Compare methods

	Emotion Appraisal in Politics	Issue Framing Experiment
Field	Political Psychology	Political Psychology
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	2000	1997
Originator	George Marcus, Russell Neuman & Michael MacKuen; Ted Brader	Thomas Nelson; Dennis Chong & James Druckman
Type	Survey/lab experiment	Survey/lab experiment
Seminal source	Marcus, G. E., Neuman, W. R., & MacKuen, M. (2000). Affective intelligence and political judgment. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN: 9780226504698	Nelson, T. E., Clawson, R. A., & Oxley, Z. M. (1997). Media framing of a civil liberties conflict and its effect on tolerance. American Political Science Review, 91(3), 567-583.
Aliases	Affective Intelligence Experiment, Political Emotion Appraisal Study, Discrete Emotions Politics Measure	Framing Effects Experiment, Emphasis Framing Study, Equivalence Framing Experiment
Related	4	4
Summary	Emotion appraisal in politics studies how distinct emotions, anxiety, anger, enthusiasm, and others, arise from cognitive appraisals of political events and in turn shape attention, information seeking, persuasion, and participation. It combines appraisal theory with affective intelligence theory (Marcus, Neuman and MacKuen, 2000) and Brader's (2006) work on emotional campaign appeals, typically measured through experiments and surveys that elicit and analyze discrete emotional responses.	An issue framing experiment manipulates how a political issue is described, emphasizing different considerations, to test how framing shifts opinion. Nelson, Clawson and Oxley's (1997) classic study showed that framing a Klan rally as a free-speech issue versus a public-order issue changed tolerance judgments, and Chong and Druckman (2007) systematized framing theory and the experimental methods used to estimate framing effects.