Compare methods

	Athlete Career Transition Assessment	SPLISS Framework
Field	Sport Leisure Studies	Sport Leisure Studies
Family	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Year of origin	1994	2006
Originator	Jim Taylor & Bruce Ogilvie; Natalia Stambulova	Veerle De Bosscher and colleagues
Type	Conceptual-model-driven assessment pipeline for athletic career transition	Benchmarking framework for elite sport policy and international success
Seminal source	Taylor, J., & Ogilvie, B. C. (1994). A Conceptual Model of Adaptation to Retirement Among Athletes. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 6(1), 1-20.	De Bosscher, V., De Knop, P., van Bottenburg, M., & Shibli, S. (2006). A Conceptual Framework for Analysing Sports Policy Factors Leading to International Sporting Success. European Sport Management Quarterly, 6(2), 185-215.
Aliases	Athletic Career Transition Model (ACTM), Sport Career Termination Assessment, Adaptation to Athletic Retirement Model, Career Transition Adjustment Assessment	Sports Policy Factors Leading to International Sporting Success, Nine Pillars Model, Elite Sport Policy Benchmarking, De Bosscher Nine Pillars
Related	3	3
Summary	Athlete career transition assessment uses conceptual models of how athletes adapt to leaving sport to evaluate whether a given transition -- above all retirement -- is likely to be navigated healthily or to tip into crisis. Jim Taylor and Bruce Ogilvie's 1994 model of adaptation to retirement traces the whole process: the causes that initiate it, the developmental and identity factors that shape adjustment, the coping resources available, the resulting quality of adaptation, and the interventions that may be needed when distress arises. Natalia Stambulova's athletic career transition model reframes the transition as a matter of balancing its demands against the athlete's resources and barriers, predicting either a successful transition or a crisis. Together these frameworks structure an assessment that diagnoses why a transition is happening, what the athlete brings to it, and how well they are coping.	The SPLISS framework -- Sports Policy factors Leading to International Sporting Success -- is a benchmarking model that explains why some nations win more international medals than others by examining the policies their elite sport systems put in place. Developed by Veerle De Bosscher and colleagues, it treats sporting success as the output of a system that converts financial inputs into results through a set of policy processes, organized into nine interconnected pillars: funding, an integrated governance approach, sport participation, talent identification and development, athletic and post-career support, training facilities, coaching provision, (inter)national competition, and scientific research and innovation. Each pillar is broken down into roughly a hundred critical success factors that can be scored, allowing countries to be benchmarked against one another and against best practice to diagnose the strengths and weaknesses of their elite sport policy.