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| Υδρογράφημα Μονάδας× | MODFLOW Groundwater Modeling× | Μοντέλο Ροής Κυκλοφορίας (Μοντέλο LWR)× | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Πεδίο | Πολιτική Μηχανική | Πολιτική Μηχανική | Πολιτική Μηχανική |
| Οικογένεια | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Έτος προέλευσης≠ | 1932 | 1984 (original release); continuously updated through MODFLOW-6 (2017) | 1955 |
| Δημιουργός≠ | L. K. Sherman | Michael G. McDonald and Arlen W. Harbaugh (U.S. Geological Survey) | M. J. Lighthill and G. B. Whitham |
| Τύπος≠ | Linear transformation from rainfall to streamflow | Numerical groundwater flow simulation | Macroscopic traffic flow modeling using conservation laws |
| Θεμελιώδης πηγή≠ | Sherman, L. K. (1932). Streamflow from rainfall by the unit graph method. Engineering News-Record, 108(14), 501-505. link ↗ | Harbaugh, A. W. (2005). MODFLOW-2005, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model — the Ground-Water Flow Process. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A16. link ↗ | Lighthill, M. J., & Whitham, G. B. (1955). On kinematic waves I. Flow movement in long rivers. Proceedings of the Royal Society A, 229(1178), 281-316. DOI ↗ |
| Εναλλακτικές ονομασίες≠ | UH, Rainfall-runoff, Hydrograph synthesis | MODFLOW-2005, MODFLOW-6, modular groundwater flow model, USGS groundwater model | LWR model, Traffic wave, Kinematic wave theory |
| Συναφείς≠ | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Σύνοψη≠ | The unit hydrograph (UH) is a linear transformation that converts rainfall excess into streamflow for a watershed. Introduced by Sherman in 1932, the UH assumes that rainfall-runoff response is linear and time-invariant, enabling synthesis of flood hydrographs from design storms for dam spillway design and flood risk assessment. | MODFLOW is the U.S. Geological Survey's open-source, modular finite-difference model for simulating three-dimensional groundwater flow through porous media. First released in 1984 and continuously updated — most recently as MODFLOW-6 — it is the global standard for quantitative hydrogeological analysis, widely used in civil engineering, environmental consulting, water-resource management, and groundwater contamination studies. | The Lighthill-Whitham-Richards (LWR) model is a macroscopic traffic flow model that treats traffic as a compressible fluid, applying conservation of vehicles and a flow-density relationship. Introduced independently by Lighthill and Whitham (1955) and Richards (1956), the model predicts traffic wave propagation, congestion formation, and bottleneck behavior on highways. |
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