Σύγκριση μεθόδων

	Επαληθευτική Ανάλυση Παραγόντων	Συντελεστής Άλφα του Cronbach (Ανάλυση Αξιοπιστίας)	Ιεραρχική Γραμμική Μοντελοποίηση (HLM / Πολυεπίπεδη Μοντελοποίηση)
Πεδίο	Ψυχομετρία	Στατιστική	Στατιστική
Οικογένεια	Latent structure	Latent structure	Hypothesis test
Έτος προέλευσης	1969	1951	1986
Δημιουργός	Karl Jöreskog	Lee J. Cronbach	Raudenbush & Bryk (popularized); Goldstein (parallel development)
Τύπος	Measurement model / latent variable analysis	Reliability / internal consistency coefficient	Parametric nested-data regression
Θεμελιώδης πηγή	Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research (2nd ed.). Guilford Press. ISBN: 978-1462515363	Cronbach, L. J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16(3), 297–334.	Raudenbush, S.W. & Bryk, A.S. (2002). Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-0761919049
Εναλλακτικές ονομασίες	Doğrulayıcı Faktör Analizi — Ölçek Doğrulama (CFA), confirmatory factor analysis, measurement model testing	coefficient alpha, alpha reliability, internal consistency reliability, Güvenilirlik Analizi (Cronbach Alpha)	HLM, MLM, multilevel modeling, multilevel analysis
Συναφείς	6	4	4
Σύνοψη	Confirmatory factor analysis is a measurement modelling technique that tests whether a hypothesised factor structure — typically derived from theory or an earlier exploratory analysis — fits observed data from a new sample. Developed by Karl Jöreskog in 1969, it became the dominant tool for validating psychological scales because it requires the researcher to specify in advance which items belong to which latent factor and then assesses the adequacy of that specification against explicit statistical fit criteria.	Cronbach's alpha is a coefficient of internal consistency that quantifies the degree to which a set of items on a scale measures the same underlying construct. Introduced by Lee J. Cronbach in 1951, it remains the most widely reported reliability index in social-science, health, and educational research.	Hierarchical Linear Modeling (HLM), also known as Multilevel Modeling (MLM), is a parametric statistical method for analyzing nested or clustered data — for example students within classrooms, patients within hospitals, or employees within organizations. Formalized by Raudenbush and Bryk in their 2002 seminal text (building on work from the mid-1980s), HLM simultaneously estimates individual-level and group-level effects while correctly partitioning variance across levels.