Denison Organizational Culture Survey
The Denison Organizational Culture Survey (DOCS) measures organizational culture in terms of its link to performance, building on Daniel Denison and Aneil Mishra's theory that effective organizations share recognizable cultural traits. The model identifies four traits — involvement, consistency, adaptability, and mission — arrayed along two tensions, flexibility versus stability and internal versus external focus, the same competing pulls that recur across culture research. Each trait is measured through three sub-indices, giving twelve indices in total, all assessed with behavioral self-report items. Denison and Mishra's 1995 Organization Science paper developed the model from case studies and a large quantitative sample, linking the traits to objective and subjective effectiveness. Denison, Haaland, and Goelzer's 2004 study tested whether the culture-effectiveness pattern generalizes across world regions. The survey is widely used in consulting because it ties culture explicitly to results.
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- Denison, D. R., & Mishra, A. K. (1995). Toward a theory of organizational culture and effectiveness. Organization Science, 6(2), 204-223. · DOI 10.1287/orsc.6.2.204
- Denison, D. R., Haaland, S., & Goelzer, P. (2004). Corporate culture and organizational effectiveness: Is Asia different from the rest of the world? Organizational Dynamics, 33(1), 98-109. · DOI 10.1016/j.orgdyn.2003.11.008
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