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| Urban Simulation Model× | Lowry Land-Use Transport Model× | |
|---|---|---|
| Fachgebiet≠ | Urban Studies | Human Geography |
| Familie | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Entstehungsjahr≠ | 2002 | 1964 |
| Urheber≠ | Paul Waddell (UrbanSim); related lineage: cellular automata and agent-based modelling | Ira S. Lowry |
| Typ≠ | Dynamic computational model of urban development and land use | Spatial-interaction-based land-use and activity allocation model of a metropolitan area |
| Wegweisende Quelle≠ | Waddell, P. (2002). UrbanSim: Modeling urban development for land use, transportation, and environmental planning. Journal of the American Planning Association, 68(3), 297–314. DOI ↗ | Lowry, I. S. (1964). A Model of Metropolis (RM-4035-RC). RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, CA. link ↗ |
| Aliasnamen | Land-Use Microsimulation, Urban Growth Simulation, Agent-Based Urban Model, Integrated Land-Use Transport Simulation | Lowry Model, Model of Metropolis, Lowry-Garin Model, Land-Use Transport Interaction Model |
| Verwandt | 4 | 4 |
| Zusammenfassung≠ | Urban simulation models reproduce the dynamics of urban growth and land-use change by simulating, over time, the decisions of agents — households, firms, developers — or the transitions of cells on a grid. They span agent-based models, cellular automata such as SLEUTH, and microsimulation platforms such as Paul Waddell's UrbanSim, which represents individual households and jobs choosing locations through discrete-choice models linked to a transport network. Rather than predicting a single equilibrium, these models let many local rules and choices interact and feed back through prices and accessibility, generating emergent patterns of sprawl, densification, and redevelopment under alternative policies. | The Lowry model is the foundational operational model of urban land use, allocating where people live and where services locate around a given pattern of basic employment using spatial-interaction (gravity) distribution. Devised by Ira S. Lowry at the RAND Corporation in 1964 as 'A Model of Metropolis', it treats the city as a system in which basic jobs attract resident workers, those residents demand local services, and the resulting service jobs attract still more residents — a chain solved by iteration until the whole system balances. It launched the entire field of land-use and transport interaction modelling. |
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