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| Group Environment Questionnaire (GEQ)× | Sport Motivationsskala (SMS)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Fachgebiet | Sportpsychologie | Sportpsychologie |
| Familie | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Entstehungsjahr≠ | 1985 | 1995 |
| Urheber≠ | Albert Carron, W. Neil Widmeyer, Lawrence Brawley | Luc Pelletier, Marc Fortier, Robert Vallerand |
| Typ≠ | Self-report team/group cohesion questionnaire | Self-report sport motivation questionnaire |
| Wegweisende Quelle≠ | Carron, A. V., Widmeyer, W. N., & Brawley, L. R. (1985). The development of an instrument to assess cohesiveness in sport teams: The Group Environment Questionnaire. Journal of Sport Psychology, 7(3), 244–266. DOI ↗ | Pelletier, L. G., Fortier, M. S., Vallerand, R. J., Tuson, K. M., Brière, N. M., & Blais, M. R. (1995). Toward a new measure of intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and amotivation in sports: The Sport Motivation Scale (SMS). Journal of Sport & Exercise Psychology, 17(1), 35–53. DOI ↗ |
| Aliasnamen≠ | GEQ, Team Cohesion, Group Cohesion | SMS, SMS-6 |
| Verwandt | 4 | 4 |
| Zusammenfassung≠ | The GEQ is an 18-item instrument measuring team cohesion—the degree to which team members feel attracted to the group and perceive the group as unified around shared task and social goals. Developed by Carron, Widmeyer, and Brawley in 1985, the GEQ has become the gold standard for measuring cohesion in sport teams and is used to predict team performance, member satisfaction, and team retention. | The SMS is a 24–28 item questionnaire measuring the motivational reasons athletes engage in sport, organized along the continuum of Self-Determination Theory: from intrinsic motivation (inherent enjoyment, mastery, excitement) through extrinsic forms (identified goals, introjected norms, external rewards) to amotivation (lack of intent). Developed by Pelletier and colleagues in 1995, the SMS has become the leading instrument for assessing sport motivation quality and predicting athlete engagement, retention, and psychological wellbeing. |
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