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| Pragmatisches Multi-Arm-Experiment× | Mehrarmiges Experiment× | |
|---|---|---|
| Fachgebiet | Versuchsplanung | Versuchsplanung |
| Familie | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Entstehungsjahr≠ | 1967 (pragmatic trial concept); multi-arm extensions 1990s–2000s | 1990s–2000s (clinical formalization); multi-arm concept implicit in ANOVA-era factorial designs |
| Urheber≠ | Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic framing); extended to multi-arm settings in clinical and health services research | Developed within clinical trials methodology; formalized by Parmar, Royston and colleagues (UK MRC CTU, early 2000s) |
| Typ | Experimental design | Experimental design |
| Wegweisende Quelle≠ | Thorpe, K. E., Zwarenstein, M., Oxman, A. D., Treweek, S., Furberg, C. D., Altman, D. G., ... & Chalkidou, K. (2009). A pragmatic-explanatory continuum indicator summary (PRECIS): a tool to help trial designers. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62(5), 464-475. DOI ↗ | Royston, P., Parmar, M. K. B., & Qian, W. (2003). Novel designs for multi-arm clinical trials with survival outcomes with an application in ovarian cancer. Statistics in Medicine, 22(14), 2239–2256. DOI ↗ |
| Aliasnamen | pragmatic multi-arm trial, multi-arm pragmatic RCT, pragmatic multi-treatment experiment, PMAT | multi-arm trial, multiple-arm experiment, multi-group experiment, many-arm design |
| Verwandt≠ | 6 | 5 |
| Zusammenfassung≠ | A pragmatic multi-arm experiment is an experimental design that simultaneously compares three or more interventions (arms) under real-world conditions rather than tightly controlled laboratory settings. It combines the broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and effectiveness orientation of pragmatic trials with the statistical efficiency of multi-arm structures, allowing researchers to evaluate multiple treatments or treatment variants against each other or a control within a single study, minimizing the resources and time required relative to running separate pairwise trials. | A multi-arm experiment simultaneously compares three or more treatment or intervention conditions — each called an arm — against a shared control or against one another. By testing multiple alternatives in a single study, it yields more information per participant than running separate two-group experiments sequentially, while controlling the overall Type I error rate through pre-specified comparison strategies. |
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