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| Pragmatisches Multi-Arm-Experiment× | Cluster Randomisierte Mehrarm-Studie× | |
|---|---|---|
| Fachgebiet | Versuchsplanung | Versuchsplanung |
| Familie | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Entstehungsjahr≠ | 1967 (pragmatic trial concept); multi-arm extensions 1990s–2000s | 1990s–2000s (systematic formalization) |
| Urheber≠ | Schwartz & Lellouch (pragmatic framing); extended to multi-arm settings in clinical and health services research | Building on cluster randomization (Donner & Klar) and multi-arm trial methods developed in clinical and public health research |
| Typ | Experimental design | Experimental design |
| Wegweisende Quelle≠ | Thorpe, K. E., Zwarenstein, M., Oxman, A. D., Treweek, S., Furberg, C. D., Altman, D. G., ... & Chalkidou, K. (2009). A pragmatic-explanatory continuum indicator summary (PRECIS): a tool to help trial designers. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 62(5), 464-475. DOI ↗ | Donner, A., & Klar, N. (2000). Design and Analysis of Cluster Randomization Trials in Health Research. Arnold. ISBN: 978-0340691533 |
| Aliasnamen | pragmatic multi-arm trial, multi-arm pragmatic RCT, pragmatic multi-treatment experiment, PMAT | multi-arm cluster RCT, cluster-randomized multi-group trial, multi-arm group-randomized trial, CRCT multi-arm |
| Verwandt | 6 | 6 |
| Zusammenfassung≠ | A pragmatic multi-arm experiment is an experimental design that simultaneously compares three or more interventions (arms) under real-world conditions rather than tightly controlled laboratory settings. It combines the broad eligibility, flexible delivery, and effectiveness orientation of pragmatic trials with the statistical efficiency of multi-arm structures, allowing researchers to evaluate multiple treatments or treatment variants against each other or a control within a single study, minimizing the resources and time required relative to running separate pairwise trials. | A cluster randomized multi-arm experiment assigns intact groups — such as schools, clinics, or villages — rather than individuals to three or more experimental conditions simultaneously. Randomization occurs at the cluster level to prevent contamination between arms, while the multi-arm structure allows simultaneous evaluation of several interventions against a common control or each other, improving efficiency over a series of two-arm studies. |
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