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| Mental Toughness Questionnaire (MTQ48)× | Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2 (CSAI-2)× | |
|---|---|---|
| Fachgebiet | Sportpsychologie | Sportpsychologie |
| Familie | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Entstehungsjahr≠ | 2002 | 1990 |
| Urheber≠ | Peter Clough, Keith Earle, David Sewell | Rainer Martens, Robin Vealey, Damon Burton |
| Typ≠ | Self-report mental toughness and resilience questionnaire | Self-report state anxiety questionnaire |
| Wegweisende Quelle≠ | Clough, P. J., Earle, K., & Sewell, D. (2002). Mental toughness: A definition and measured construct. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 14(3), 169–187. link ↗ | Martens, R., Vealey, R. S., Burton, D., Bump, L. A., & Smith, D. E. (1990). Development and validation of the Competitive State Anxiety Inventory-2. In R. Martens, R. S. Vealey, & D. Burton (Eds.), Competitive Anxiety in Sport (pp. 193–218). Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics. link ↗ |
| Aliasnamen≠ | MTQ48, Mental Toughness, 4Cs | CSAI-2, Competitive State Anxiety |
| Verwandt | 4 | 4 |
| Zusammenfassung≠ | The MTQ48 is a 48-item instrument measuring mental toughness—the capacity to perform well under pressure, persist through adversity, maintain emotional control, and sustain commitment toward goals. Developed by Clough, Earle, and Sewell in 2002, the MTQ48 operationalizes mental toughness across four dimensions (the '4Cs': Control, Commitment, Challenge, and Confidence) and has become widely adopted in sport psychology, talent development, and organizational psychology for identifying and developing psychological resilience. | The CSAI-2 is a 27-item instrument measuring three dimensions of state anxiety in sport: cognitive anxiety (worry), somatic anxiety (physiological arousal), and self-confidence. Developed by Martens and colleagues in 1990, it has become the gold standard for assessing pre-competition psychological state and is widely used in sport psychology research, coaching, and athlete support. |
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