Methoden vergleichen

	Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS)	Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D)	Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A)	Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-10 (K10)
Fachgebiet	Klinische Psychologie	Klinische Psychologie	Klinische Psychologie	Klinische Psychologie
Familie	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Entstehungsjahr	1983	1977	1959	2002
Urheber	Andrew S. Zigmond and Richard P. Snaith	Lenore Sawyer Radloff	Max Hamilton	Ronald C. Kessler and colleagues
Typ	Anxiety and depression screening in medical populations	Community-based depression assessment	Clinician-administered anxiety assessment	Non-specific psychological distress screening
Wegweisende Quelle	Zigmond, A. S., & Snaith, R. P. (1983). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 67(6), 361-370.	Radloff, L. S. (1977). The CES-D scale: A self-report depression scale for research in the general population. Applied Psychological Measurement, 1(3), 385-401.	Hamilton, M. (1959). The assessment of anxiety states by rating. British Journal of Medical Psychology, 32(1), 50-55.	Kessler, R. C., Andrews, G., Colpe, L. Y., Hiripi, E., Mroczek, D. K., Normand, S. L., ... & Zaslavsky, A. M. (2002). Short screening scales to monitor population prevalences and trends in non-specific psychological distress. Psychological Medicine, 32(6), 959-976.
Aliasnamen	HADS, HADS-A, HADS-D	CES-D, CESD	HAM-A, HARS	K10, K6, Kessler Scale
Verwandt	4	5	5	5
Zusammenfassung	The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) is a 14-item self-report instrument measuring anxiety and depression symptoms in medically ill populations. Developed by Zigmond and Snaith in 1983, the HADS was specifically designed for hospital and general medical settings where somatic symptoms of medical illness may confound assessment. It remains the standard anxiety-depression measure in medical, oncology, and cardiac populations worldwide.	The Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) is a 20-item self-report instrument for measuring depressive symptoms in the general population. Developed by Lenore Radloff in 1977, the CES-D was designed for epidemiological research to rapidly identify depression in community samples. It remains a widely used measure in public health, aging research, and longitudinal cohort studies worldwide.	The Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A) is a clinician-administered assessment tool for quantifying the severity of anxiety symptoms in adults. Developed by Max Hamilton in 1959, it remains one of the most widely used instruments for evaluating anxiety in clinical and research settings. The scale measures both psychological and somatic manifestations of anxiety across 14 items.	The Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-10 (K10) is a 10-item self-report measure of non-specific psychological distress and mental health problems. Developed by Kessler and colleagues in 2002, the K10 was designed as an ultra-brief screening instrument for population surveys and epidemiological research. A shorter 6-item version (K6) is also widely used for rapid case identification.