First-Order Reliability Method
The First-Order Reliability Method (FORM) is a probabilistic technique for estimating the probability of structural failure given uncertain input parameters. Developed by Allin Cornell in 1969 and refined by Hasofer and Lind in 1974, FORM provides a computationally efficient approximation to the true failure probability by linearizing the limit-state function at the most probable failure point. It has become the cornerstone of modern structural reliability analysis and risk-based design.
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- Cornell, C. A. (1969). A probability-based structural code. Journal of the American Concrete Institute, 66(12), 974-985. · DOI 10.14359/7446
- Hasofer, A. M., & Lind, N. C. (1974). Exact and invariant second-moment code format. Journal of the Engineering Mechanics Division, 100(1), 111-121. · DOI 10.1061/jmcea3.0001848
- Rackwitz, R., & Fiessler, B. (1978). Structural reliability under combined random load sequences. Computers & Structures, 9(5), 489-494. · DOI 10.1016/0045-7949(78)90046-9
- Melchers, R. E. (2002). Structural Reliability Analysis and Prediction (2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. · URL
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