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	Tempo-Adjusted Fertility	Bongaarts Proximate Determinants
Fagområde	Demografi	Demografi
Familie	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
Oprindelsesår	1998	1978
Ophavsperson	John Bongaarts & Griffith Feeney	John Bongaarts
Type	Tempo-and-quantum adjustment of the period total fertility rate	Multiplicative decomposition of fertility into behavioural and biological factors
Oprindelig kilde	Bongaarts, J., & Feeney, G. (1998). On the quantum and tempo of fertility. Population and Development Review, 24(2), 271–291.	Bongaarts, J. (1978). A framework for analyzing the proximate determinants of fertility. Population and Development Review, 4(1), 105–132.
Aliasser	Bongaarts-Feeney adjustment, Tempo-adjusted TFR, Quantum-tempo decomposition of fertility, Tempo Düzeltmeli Doğurganlık	Proximate determinants framework, Bongaarts fertility-inhibiting indices, Cm Cc Ca Ci model, Yakın Belirleyiciler Çerçevesi
Relaterede	4	4
Resumé	Tempo-adjusted fertility is the Bongaarts-Feeney correction of the period total fertility rate that removes the distortion introduced when the timing of childbearing changes. When women collectively postpone (or advance) births, the conventional period total fertility rate is artificially depressed (or inflated) even if the number of children women ultimately have is unchanged; the adjustment inflates each birth-order-specific rate by a factor based on the changing mean age at childbearing to recover an undistorted measure of fertility quantum.	The Bongaarts framework of the proximate determinants of fertility decomposes a population's fertility into a biological maximum reduced by a small set of directly fertility-inhibiting factors: the proportion of women in sexual unions, contraceptive use, induced abortion, and postpartum infecundability. By expressing observed fertility as total fecundity multiplied by four indices between zero and one, it quantifies how much each behavioural and biological channel suppresses fertility below its potential ceiling.