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| Panelundersøgelse× | Relationsundersøgelse× | |
|---|---|---|
| Fagområde | Forskningsdesign | Forskningsdesign |
| Familie | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Oprindelsesår≠ | 1970s-1980s (econometric formalization); earlier social survey use from 1940s | Mid-20th century onward (systematised ~1960s–1990s) |
| Ophavsperson≠ | Social science and econometric traditions; systematized by Cheng Hsiao and others from the 1970s-1980s | Established in educational and social science research methodology; systematised by Fraenkel & Wallen and others |
| Type≠ | Quantitative longitudinal observational design | Quantitative non-experimental survey design |
| Oprindelig kilde≠ | Hsiao, C. (2003). Analysis of Panel Data (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. ISBN: 978-0521522717 | Fraenkel, J. R., Wallen, N. E., & Hyun, H. H. (2009). How to Design and Evaluate Research in Education (8th ed.). McGraw-Hill. ISBN: 978-0073525748 |
| Aliasser | panel study, panel survey, longitudinal panel, repeated-measures panel | correlational survey, associational survey, relationship survey design, relational descriptive survey |
| Relaterede≠ | 3 | 4 |
| Resumé≠ | Panel research is a quantitative longitudinal design in which the same individuals, organizations, or other units are measured repeatedly across two or more time points. Unlike cross-sectional surveys that capture a single snapshot, a panel tracks change within units, enabling researchers to separate genuine within-unit change from between-unit differences and to model causal dynamics over time. | Relational survey research is a quantitative, non-experimental design that gathers structured self-report data from a sample and examines the statistical associations among two or more variables. Unlike purely descriptive surveys, which only characterise distributions, relational surveys ask whether and how strongly variables co-vary — providing evidence of relationships without manipulating conditions or establishing causation. |
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