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| Hardy Cross-metoden× | MODFLOW Grundvandsmodellering× | Muskingum-modellering× | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Fagområde | Byggeteknik | Byggeteknik | Byggeteknik |
| Familie | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| Oprindelsesår≠ | 1936 | 1984 (original release); continuously updated through MODFLOW-6 (2017) | 1938 |
| Ophavsperson≠ | Hardy Cross | Michael G. McDonald and Arlen W. Harbaugh (U.S. Geological Survey) | George McCarthy |
| Type≠ | Iterative method for pipe network flow distribution | Numerical groundwater flow simulation | Hydrologic method for flood attenuation in rivers |
| Oprindelig kilde≠ | Cross, H. (1936). Analysis of flow in networks of conduits or conductors. University of Illinois Bulletin, 34(17), 3-29. link ↗ | Harbaugh, A. W. (2005). MODFLOW-2005, the U.S. Geological Survey modular ground-water model — the Ground-Water Flow Process. U.S. Geological Survey Techniques and Methods 6-A16. link ↗ | McCarthy, G. T. (1938). The Unit Hydrograph and Flood Routing. US Army Corps of Engineers Document 608. link ↗ |
| Aliasser≠ | Cross method, Moment distribution method, Iterative balancing | MODFLOW-2005, MODFLOW-6, modular groundwater flow model, USGS groundwater model | Flood routing, Stream flow attenuation, Hydrologic routing |
| Relaterede≠ | 3 | 0 | 3 |
| Resumé≠ | The Hardy Cross method is an iterative technique for solving steady-state flow distribution in pipe networks, originally developed for water distribution systems. Introduced by Hardy Cross in 1936, this method balances flow continuity and pressure head constraints through successive iterations, making it ideal for hand calculations and gaining physical insight into network behavior. | MODFLOW is the U.S. Geological Survey's open-source, modular finite-difference model for simulating three-dimensional groundwater flow through porous media. First released in 1984 and continuously updated — most recently as MODFLOW-6 — it is the global standard for quantitative hydrogeological analysis, widely used in civil engineering, environmental consulting, water-resource management, and groundwater contamination studies. | The Muskingum method is a hydrologic flood routing technique that predicts how a flood wave attenuates (reduces in peak) and spreads as it travels down a river reach. Developed by McCarthy in 1938 for the US Army Corps of Engineers, the method is simple enough for hand calculations while capturing the essential physics of flood propagation. |
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