পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন
নির্বাচিত পদ্ধতিগুলো পাশাপাশি পর্যালোচনা করুন; যে সারিগুলোয় পার্থক্য আছে সেগুলো চিহ্নিত করা হয়।
| এক্সআরডি রিটভেল্ড পরিমার্জন× | এক্স-রে ফটোইলেকট্রন স্পেকট্রোস্কোপি× | |
|---|---|---|
| ক্ষেত্র | উপাদান বিজ্ঞান | উপাদান বিজ্ঞান |
| পরিবার | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| উদ্ভবের বছর≠ | 1969 | 1967 |
| প্রবর্তক≠ | Hugo Rietveld | Kai Siegbahn |
| ধরন≠ | Refinement method | Analytical technique |
| মৌলিক উৎস≠ | Rietveld, H. M. (1969). A profile refinement method for nuclear and magnetic structures. Journal of Applied Crystallography, 2(2), 65-71. DOI ↗ | Siegbahn, K., Nordling, C., Fahlman, A., et al. (1967). ESCA: Atomic, Molecular and Solid State Structure Studied by Means of Electron Spectroscopy. Almqvist and Wiksells. link ↗ |
| অপর নাম≠ | Rietveld refinement, powder diffraction refinement | XPS, ESCA, electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis |
| সম্পর্কিত | 3 | 3 |
| সারসংক্ষেপ≠ | XRD Rietveld Refinement is a method for extracting detailed crystal structure information from powder diffraction data by comparing observed and calculated diffraction patterns through least-squares refinement. Developed by Hugo Rietveld in 1969, this technique enables determination of atomic positions, occupancies, thermal parameters, and phase fractions directly from powder data without requiring single crystals. It is the standard approach in materials characterization for structural analysis, phase identification, and quantification. | X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), also known as Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA), is a surface-sensitive analytical technique that measures the kinetic energies of photoelectrons ejected from a material by high-energy X-rays. Developed by Kai Siegbahn in 1967, XPS determines elemental composition, chemical oxidation states, and chemical bonding within ~10 nanometers of a surface. It is indispensable in materials science for surface characterization, corrosion studies, oxide analysis, and interface chemistry. |
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