পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	Triangulated Survey	ফোকাস গ্রুপ গবেষণা	আধা-কাঠামোগত সাক্ষাৎকার
ক্ষেত্র	জরিপ পদ্ধতি	গুণগত	গুণগত
পরিবার	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
উদ্ভবের বছর	1978 (Denzin); widely operationalized in survey contexts from the 1990s onward	1940s (sociological origin); modern applied form from the 1980s–1990s	1946 (Merton & Kendall); codified as a standard method through the 1980s–1990s
প্রবর্তক	Norman K. Denzin (triangulation concept); Alan Bryman (mixed-methods survey application)	Robert K. Merton (sociological precursor, 1940s); popularised in applied research by Richard A. Krueger	Robert K. Merton and Patricia Kendall (focused interview, 1946); further systematised by Steinar Kvale
ধরন	Mixed-methods data collection design	Qualitative data collection method	Qualitative research method
মৌলিক উৎস	Denzin, N. K. (1978). The Research Act: A Theoretical Introduction to Sociological Methods (2nd ed.). McGraw-Hill.	Krueger, R.A. & Casey, M.A. (2014). Focus Groups: A Practical Guide for Applied Research (5th ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-1483365244	Kvale, S., & Brinkmann, S. (2009). InterViews: Learning the Craft of Qualitative Research Interviewing (2nd ed.). Sage. ISBN: 978-0761925422
অপর নাম	survey triangulation, multi-method survey, convergent survey design, cross-validated survey	focus group discussion, FGD, group interview, Odak Grup Araştırması	guided interview, semi-standardized interview, focused interview, SSI
সম্পর্কিত	5	6	6
সারসংক্ষেপ	A Triangulated Survey deliberately combines a structured survey instrument with at least one additional data source — such as interviews, focus groups, observation, or a second survey — so that findings from each source can be cross-validated against the others. Rooted in Denzin's concept of methodological triangulation, the design strengthens credibility by checking whether independent lines of evidence converge on the same conclusions. It is especially common in applied social, educational, and health research.	Focus group research is a qualitative data-collection method in which a trained moderator guides structured discussions with homogeneous groups of six to ten participants to explore ideas, attitudes, and perceptions on a defined topic. Developed from sociological roots in the 1940s and systematised for applied research by Krueger and Casey, the method leverages group interaction as a data source — revealing not just what people think, but how they negotiate and articulate views in a social setting.	The semi-structured interview is a qualitative data-collection method in which the researcher prepares a set of key questions or topic areas in advance but remains free to probe, follow up, and reorder as the conversation evolves. Unlike structured interviews — which fix every question and sequence — or unstructured interviews — which are entirely open — the semi-structured format balances comparability across participants with the flexibility needed to capture the depth and nuance of individual perspectives. It is the most widely used interview format in social science, health, and education research.