পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	ঝুঁকি-সমন্বিত চতুর্থ ধাপের গবেষণা	প্রোপেনসিটি স্কোর ম্যাচিং (Propensity Score Matching)
ক্ষেত্র	মহামারীবিদ্যা	গবেষণা পরিসংখ্যান
পরিবার	Process / pipeline	Process / pipeline
উদ্ভবের বছর	1990s–2000s (formalized with ICH E2E and EMA PASS guidelines)	1983
প্রবর্তক	Regulatory and pharmacoepidemiology community (ICH, EMA, FDA frameworks)	Paul Rosenbaum and Donald Rubin
ধরন	Observational / quasi-experimental clinical study design	Method
মৌলিক উৎস	Strom, B. L. (Ed.). (2005). Pharmacoepidemiology (4th ed.). John Wiley & Sons. ISBN: 978-0470863107	Rosenbaum, P. R., & Rubin, D. B. (1983). The central role of the propensity score in observational studies for causal effects. Biometrika, 70(1), 41–55.
অপর নাম	risk-adjusted post-marketing surveillance study, adjusted Phase IV trial, risk-stratified post-authorization study, PASS with risk adjustment	PSM, propensity score weighting, covariate balance
সম্পর্কিত	3	3
সারসংক্ষেপ	A risk-adjusted Phase IV study is an observational or semi-experimental post-marketing study conducted after a drug or device has received regulatory approval. It uses statistical risk-adjustment techniques — such as propensity score matching, inverse probability weighting, or multivariable regression — to control for confounding by indication and baseline patient differences, thereby producing more credible safety, effectiveness, and utilization estimates than unadjusted real-world analyses.	Propensity score matching (PSM) is a method for reducing confounding bias in observational studies by balancing baseline characteristics between treatment groups, simulating randomization. Developed by Rosenbaum and Rubin (1983), it estimates the probability of receiving treatment given observed covariates, then matches or weights treated and control individuals with similar treatment probabilities. Widely used in medicine, epidemiology, and policy evaluation when randomized trials are infeasible or unethical, enabling estimation of treatment effects while controlling for selection bias.