পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন
নির্বাচিত পদ্ধতিগুলো পাশাপাশি পর্যালোচনা করুন; যে সারিগুলোয় পার্থক্য আছে সেগুলো চিহ্নিত করা হয়।
| পূর্ববর্তী দ্বিতীয় ধাপের ক্লিনিক্যাল ট্রায়াল× | দ্বিতীয় পর্যায়ের ক্লিনিক্যাল ট্রায়াল× | |
|---|---|---|
| ক্ষেত্র | মহামারীবিদ্যা | মহামারীবিদ্যা |
| পরিবার | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| উদ্ভবের বছর≠ | 1980s–1990s (with growth in oncology retrospective analyses) | 1960s–1970s (formalised in US federal drug regulation) |
| প্রবর্তক≠ | Adapted from standard Phase II trial methodology; retrospective variant formalized in oncology practice | U.S. Food and Drug Administration / ICH E8 guidelines (institutionalised framework) |
| ধরন≠ | Observational retrospective study | Interventional clinical study design |
| মৌলিক উৎস≠ | Simon, R. (1989). Optimal two-stage designs for phase II clinical trials. Controlled Clinical Trials, 10(1), 1–10. DOI ↗ | Friedman, L. M., Furberg, C. D., DeMets, D. L., Reboussin, D. M., & Granger, C. B. (2015). Fundamentals of Clinical Trials (5th ed.). Springer. ISBN: 978-3319185392 |
| অপর নাম | retrospective Phase II study, historical Phase II analysis, retrospective efficacy study, Phase II retrospective analysis | Phase 2 trial, Phase II study, early efficacy trial, proof-of-concept trial |
| সম্পর্কিত≠ | 5 | 6 |
| সারসংক্ষেপ≠ | A retrospective Phase II clinical trial evaluates a treatment's preliminary efficacy and safety signals using existing archival data — medical records, registries, or electronic health records — rather than prospectively enrolling new patients. It mirrors the objectives of a standard Phase II trial (estimating response rate, tolerability, and early efficacy) but does so by looking backward at patients who have already received the intervention, making it faster and less costly than a prospective design. | A Phase II clinical trial is the second stage in the drug or intervention development pipeline, conducted after Phase I safety testing. Its primary goal is to assess whether the intervention shows preliminary efficacy signals in a relevant patient population at the dose established in Phase I, while continuing to characterise the safety and tolerability profile. Phase II trials are generally smaller than Phase III confirmatory trials and serve as critical go/no-go decision points before large-scale investment. |
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