পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	রিগ্রেশন ডিসকন্টিনিউটি ডিজাইন (RDD)	কারণগত অনুমানের জন্য ইনস্ট্রুমেন্টাল ভ্যারিয়েবলস (IV) পদ্ধতি	প্যানেল ডেটা ফিক্সড এফেক্টস মডেল
ক্ষেত্র	অর্থমিতি	স্বাস্থ্য অর্থনীতি	অর্থমিতি
পরিবার	Regression model	Process / pipeline	Regression model
উদ্ভবের বছর	2008	1990s (modern applications)	2014
প্রবর্তক	Imbens & Lemieux; Lee & Lemieux (modern practice); Cattaneo, Idrobo & Titiunik	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory	Hsiao (textbook treatment); within transformation of panel data
ধরন	Quasi-experimental causal design	Method	Panel data regression
মৌলিক উৎস	Imbens, G. W., & Lemieux, T. (2008). Regression Discontinuity Designs: A Guide to Practice. Journal of Econometrics, 142(2), 615-635.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.	Hsiao, C. (2014). Analysis of Panel Data (3rd ed.). Cambridge University Press.
অপর নাম	RDD, regression discontinuity, sharp regression discontinuity, Regresyon Süreksizliği Tasarımı (RDD)	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation	fixed effects model, within estimator, panel fixed-effects regression, Panel Veri — Sabit Etkiler Modeli
সম্পর্কিত	5	3	5
সারসংক্ষেপ	Regression Discontinuity Design is a quasi-experimental method that estimates a local causal effect around a threshold (cutoff) value, comparing units just below and just above the cutoff as if they were almost randomly assigned. It is the design developed for applied practice by Imbens and Lemieux (2008) and by Lee and Lemieux (2010).	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.	The Panel Data Fixed Effects model estimates relationships from panel data (the same units observed over several time periods) while controlling for unit- and/or time-specific effects, supporting causal inference. It is developed as the within estimator in standard treatments such as Hsiao's Analysis of Panel Data (2014).