পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন

	নীতি মূল্যায়ন প্লেসবো পরীক্ষা	কারণগত অনুমানের জন্য ইনস্ট্রুমেন্টাল ভ্যারিয়েবলস (IV) পদ্ধতি
ক্ষেত্র	কার্যকারণ অনুমান	স্বাস্থ্য অর্থনীতি
পরিবার	Regression model	Process / pipeline
উদ্ভবের বছর	1990s–2000s	1990s (modern applications)
প্রবর্তক	Bertrand, Duflo & Mullainathan (2004 canonical formalization); Imbens & Wooldridge (2009 textbook treatment)	Angrist & Pischke (applied econometrics); rooted in econometric theory
ধরন	Falsification / specification check	Method
মৌলিক উৎস	Imbens, G. W., & Wooldridge, J. M. (2009). Recent Developments in the Econometrics of Program Evaluation. Journal of Economic Literature, 47(1), 5-86.	Angrist, J. D., & Pischke, J. S. (2009). Mostly Harmless Econometrics: An Empiricist's Companion. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
অপর নাম	placebo test, falsification test, fake treatment test, placebo regression	IV, two-stage least squares, TSLS, causal estimation
সম্পর্কিত	4	3
সারসংক্ষেপ	A policy evaluation placebo test is a falsification check used in quasi-experimental research to validate a causal identification strategy. The researcher applies the same estimation method to a pseudo-treatment — a time period, group, or outcome where the real policy could not have had an effect — and checks that no spurious effect is detected. A null placebo result builds confidence that the main estimate reflects a genuine causal impact rather than bias or confounding.	Instrumental variables (IV) is an econometric method to estimate causal effects when treatment or exposure is not randomly assigned and confounding is severe or unmeasured. IV relies on a third variable (instrument) that influences treatment but does not directly affect the outcome, allowing researchers to isolate the causal effect from the noise of confounding. Developed extensively in econometrics (Angrist & Pischke, 1990s–2000s), IV methods are increasingly used in health economics and health services research to leverage natural experiments and policy changes.