পদ্ধতির তুলনা করুন
নির্বাচিত পদ্ধতিগুলো পাশাপাশি পর্যালোচনা করুন; যে সারিগুলোয় পার্থক্য আছে সেগুলো চিহ্নিত করা হয়।
| আন্তঃগোষ্ঠী সংস্পর্শ স্কেল× | জেনোফোবিয়া স্কেল× | |
|---|---|---|
| ক্ষেত্র | রাজনৈতিক সমাজবিজ্ঞান | রাজনৈতিক সমাজবিজ্ঞান |
| পরিবার | Process / pipeline | Process / pipeline |
| উদ্ভবের বছর≠ | 1954–2008 | 2009–2016 |
| প্রবর্তক≠ | Gordon Allport, Thomas Pettigrew, Linda Tropp | Alin Ceobanu, Xavier Escandell, Elke Schlueter |
| ধরন | Self-report questionnaire | Self-report questionnaire |
| মৌলিক উৎস≠ | Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Addison-Wesley. link ↗ | Ceobanu, A. M., & Escandell, X. (2010). Comparative analyses of public attitudes toward immigrants and immigration using multinational survey data: The European Social Survey. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 36(6), 953-969. link ↗ |
| অপর নাম | ICS, Contact Quality Index | XS, Anti-Immigration Attitude Scale |
| সম্পর্কিত | 5 | 5 |
| সারসংক্ষেপ≠ | The Intergroup Contact Scale measures the quantity and quality of face-to-face interaction between members of different social groups (racial, ethnic, religious, national, or other categories). Rooted in Gordon Allport's contact hypothesis (1954), which proposed that prejudice decreases when groups interact under favorable conditions, the scale is fundamental in research on prejudice reduction, integration, and intergroup relations. | The Xenophobia Scale measures fear, discomfort, or prejudice toward foreign nationals and immigrants. Unlike immigration policy preferences (which can reflect economic or pragmatic considerations), xenophobia captures affective and attitudinal dimensions—emotional threat perception, negative stereotypes, and cultural distance. Developed by migration scholars including Ceobanu and Escandell, it is essential for understanding antiforeign sentiment and discriminatory attitudes across diverse contexts. |
| ScholarGateডেটাসেট ↗ |
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